GV 483 
.8523 i 

Bk. 2 : 



4 



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Course """^ -^"^ 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

C- V A 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 




RANK CONNECTIONS. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE 



X. 

By carl BETZ 

DIRECTOR AN'D SUPERVISOR OF PHYSICAL CULTURE, 
PUBLIC SCHOOLS, KANSAS CITY, MO. 



BOOK SECOND 



GYMNASTIC TACTICS 

INCLUDING RUNNING- AND HOPPING, FANCY STEPS AND FANCY 
MARCHES, MARCH AND SONG REIGEN 



SECOXD REVISED EDITIO. 



tD/T/OJV 



PUBLISHED BY 

A. FLANAGAN 

263 Wabash Avenue, Chicago 



Copyright, 1894, 

BY 

CARL BETZ, 



EXPLANATORY. 



The author's works are based upon the principles of 
the German system of gymnastics. But the use of the 
essentials of this system, their classification, the grada- 
tion of exercises, the system of commands, the grand 
divisions of the whole subject-matter and all that pertains 
to the adaptation-of gymnastics to the Public School sys- 
tem of the United States, is the original work of the 
author. 



DEFINITION. 



With Physical Culture we aim to unfold the natural 
and symmetrical beauty of the human body, making it fit 
and capable in every phase of moral life to carry out the 
will of the supreme master — the mind. 



TACTICS. 



Tactic exercises are evolutions performed by a number 
of persons in common. Tiie evolutions are based upon 
the positions and movements of the individual and cul- 
minate in positions and movements of groups of indi- 
viduals. 

On the part of the instructor, Tactics is the art of 
arranging and directing the evolutions of a body of per- 
sons according to certain laws. 



5 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 



A LARGE, empty, cleanly kept and well ventilated room 
or hall is an almost indispensable adjunct to tactic ex- 
ercises. The ideal place for such drill, however, is a large 
level piece of ground and this, if available and the 
weather permitting, should always be resorted to. 

Unfortunately few city schools have a convenient place 
for tactic exercises and where there is a suitable place at 
the disposal of the teacher, it is seldom desirable on ac- 
count of the detracting influences to which a public place 
is exposed. 

Still, tactic exercise should be given in one way or other 
in every school and, if the teacher is gifted with only the 
slightest bit of originality, they can be made interesting 
even in the study-room. 

Girls should be encouraged by their teachers to wear 
loose-fitting dresses. The body must have perfect free- 
dom of movement in gymnastic exercises. The best time 
for tactic exercises is 10 o'clock A. M., and a drill of 15 
minutes is sufficient. 

Tactics should not, as a rule, be given in the time set 
apart for recreation. During recess popular gymnastics 
and plays and games should be indulged in by the pupils. 
(See the Author's Book IV., Popular Gymnastics). 

The last part of this book contains a syhabus of grade 
work in Tactics which will aid the teachers in making 
their selections of exercises. 

6 



CONTENTS. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

PAGE. 

Explanatory 3 

Definition of Physical Culture 4 

Definition of Tactics 5 

Suggestions to Teachers , 6 

Contents 7 

Theory 15 

Commands 19 

Arranging and dismissing the class in the school-room ... 23 

Sitting, standing and resting positions 25 

Arranging and dismissing the class in the hall, the corri- 
dor and the gymnasium 26 

PART FIRST. 



TACTICS. 

A. OF THE INDIVIDUAL. 

Standing position 25 

Resting positions 32 

Facing 28 

Marking time 31 

Walking 43 

Halting 32 

B. OF THE RANK. 

Facing at a halt. 28 

' ' while marking time 52 

on a march 52 

7 



8 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Marking time from a halt , 31 

" " " " march 31 

Marching from marking time 43 

" a halt 43 

Halting " marking time 32 

a march 32 

FORMATION OF RANKS. 

Front rank, flank rank, oblique rank, circular ranks, 33 

ALIGNEMENTS. 

At a halt, front, flank, oblique and circular ranks. . . 35 

On a march " " " " " "... 45 

STEPPING. 

Forward, backward, sideways and oblique 38 

COUNTING OFF. 

In front and flank ranks 39 

RANK CONNECTIONS. 

In front rank 41 

In flank " 43 

In circular ranks 43 

MARCHING IN RANK. 

Front, flank, oblique and circular rank, forward, 

backward, sidewaj^s and oblique 43 

Length of steps 44 

Degrees of speed 44 

TRANSFORMATION OF RANKS : 

f Of the front rank 50 

" " flank " 50 

" " oblique " 50 

" " circular " 50 

Of the front rank 52 

" " flank " 52 

" " obhque " 52 

" " circular " 52 



At a halt 



On a march 



CLOSE AND OPEN ORDER 54 

CHANGING THE DIRECTION OF THE LINE OF MARCH : 

Front rank 58 

Flank " 58 



CONTENTS. . 9 

WHEELINGS : p^ge 

(Front rank 50 

Fixed pivot ■ . 

(Flank " 59 

( Front rank 60 

Movable " 

(Flank " 60 

CHANGING AND RE-FORMING RANKS : 

The front rank 64 

flank " ^ 64 

" oblique " 64 

" circular " 64 

C. THE BODY OF RANKS. 

FORMATION OF THE LINE : 

The front line 67 

' ' flank ' • 67 

FORMATION OF THE COLUMN : 

The front column 67 

" flank " 67 

OPEN AND CLOSE ORDER : 

Rank and file 70 

MARCHING OF A BODY : 71 

CHANGE OF DIRECTION : 

Of the line 72 

" column 73 

WHEELINGS OF THE RANKS OF A BODY. 

WHEELINGS OF A BODY. 

OftheUne 73 

" " column 73 

TRANSFORMATION OF A BODY. 

Of the line 76 

" " column 76 

ASCENDING AND DESCENDING STAIRS. 78 



lb CONTENTS. 

PART SECOND. 
RUNNING AND HOPPING. 

PART THIRD. 
GYMNASTIC POSITIONS. 

POSITIONS OF THE ARMS. 

Arms folded backward. '] 

" " forward. 
Hands on hips. 

" over shoulders. 

" " head 
Fists at sides. j 

Horizontal position forward. 

" " outward. 

Vertical ' ' downward. 

" " upward. 

Slanting ' ' downward. 

" " upward. J 

POSITIONS OF THE FEET. 

Direct step-positions. 
Oblique " 
Cross " 
Balance ' ' J 
Step-positions with bending knees. 
On toes. ^ 

On heels. V 

Bending knees. J 

PART FOURTH. 

MARCHING WITH FREE-GYMNASTICS. 






PART FIFTH. 
FANCY STEPS. 

Balance step. 
Follow " 
Balance-follow step. 
Change " [ 

Double change ' ' 
Polka 
Glide 

Heel and toe " 
Longe-reverse ' ' 
Combinations and v^ariations. 




CONTENTS. 11 
PART SIXTH. 
PLAIN AND FANCY MARCHES. 

PAGE 

Plain march 121 

Fancy " 123 

SongReigen 127 

PART SEVENTH. 
MARCH MUSIC AND REIGEN SONGS. 

March. G3^mnastic Greeting 135 

Polka 135 

March Song. Come, let us gaily wander 135 

" " Away to the Woodland 135 

The Miller's Boy 127 

PART EIGHTH. 

SYLLABUS, OF WORK. 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Rank Connections — Frontispiece 

Sitting, Standing and Resting positions 13 

Positions of the Arms ..... , 87 

" " Feet 95 

Figures in Fancy Marching 118 

" of the Plain March 120 

" " Fancy " 124 

" " " Reigen 130 

Starting positions for Reigen 134 



NOTICE. 



An outline of work for each grade of the Ward Schools 
and the High School is given in the last part of this 
book. 




SITTING, STANDING AND RESTING POSITIONS. 



THEORY. 



DIVISIONS OF A BODY OF PERSONS. 



THE RANK. 



Two or more persons arranged in a line form a rank. 
Front Hank. When persons are placed side by side 
they are arranged in front rank. 

Pig. 1 



Flank Hank. When standing one behind the other 
they are arranged in flank rank. 

Pig. 2 

•I I I III I I I ! I III I I 

Oblique Hank. When arranged facing obliquely to the 
right, or left, they are standing in oblique rank. 

Pig, 3 

\ V\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ i ' 

Each of these ranks can be arranged in a straight, 
angular or curved line, or in a circle, square, etc. The 
smallest rank is composed of two persons. 

II. THE BODY. 

Two or more ranks brought in relation to each other 
form a body. 

A body can be arranged in a Line^ or in a Column. 

15 



16 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



TA)ie in Front. When two or more front ranks are 
placed side by side, they form a line m front. 

1st Rank 2nd Rank 



Line in Fkont 
Pig. 4: 

Line in FlanJc. Two or more flank ranks placed one 
behind the other are arranged in a line in flank. 

1st Rank 2nd Rank 

^11 Jill I 1-1 I I I I I I \ 

"iLiNE IN Flank 
Pig. 5 

Column in Front Two or more front ranks placed one 
behind the other are arranged in a column in front. 

Pig. 6 

2nd Rank.-- — ^ ^ 

Isx .Bank« 

Column IN Front 

Column in Flank. Two or more flank ranks placed 
side by side, are arranged in a column in flank. 




Column in Flank 
Pig. 7 

Rank and Files. A front column has front ranks and 
flank files. A flank column has flank ranks and front files. 



.1 SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 17 

The smallest body is composed of hvo ranks or four 
persons. 

III. THE COLONNADE. 

Two or more lines or columns, in front, or flank, form 
a colonnade. 

Fig. 8 



I Rank ll Rank, i Rank 

Colonnade of Fkont Lines 



I Line Fig. 9 II Line 

■ I I I I -I I I I - I I I III I I - I I I -I I I i I I \ I III I I 

il Rank II Rank I Rank II Rank 

Colonnade of Flank Lines 



Fig. 10 

II Rank 

Column' 

I Rank- 



n Rank— — — 

I RANK_. — _ -T- -T- 

Colonnade of Front Columns 



Column 



Fig. 11 

1 Column II Column 

I Rank I | I j I j | | | | | | I | I j i Rank 

n Rank I I I r | I | | | | | j j | | I II Rank 

Colonnade of Flank Columns 



The smallest colonnade is composed of tioo bodies, or 
four ranks, or eight persons, 



18 



A SY^riJM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



SPECIAL FORMS OF TACTICS. 



I. THE PLAIN MARCH. 

In a plain march any number of persons may take part. 
The steps of the figures are not counted, nor is the space 
through whicli the march moves measured. 

Tlie plain march may be accompanied by music, or a 
song. The song may be sung by those taking part in the 
march or by a sejjarate chorus. 

II. THE FANCY MARCH. 

In the fancy march, the highest form of which we call 
" Reigen," the persons taking part are arranged in certain 
well defined groups. The steps in each figure are counted, 
the space tlirough or in whicli the figures move is 
measured and the whole is performed in perfect rhytlim. 

The Reigen embodies tlie higliest forms of tactics and 
is truly a sympliony of movement. The fancy marcli and 
reigen can be performed with or without music or sing- 
ing, or both music and singing may be combined. 



A syst£:m of physical culture. 



19 



COMMANDS. 



There are four kinds : Command of Caution^ of JExpla- 
nation^ of Execution and of Discontinuation. 

The Command of Caution is used whenever the atten- 
tion of the class has been diverted. 
Commands of Caution : 

Attention ! 

Ready ! 

The Command of Explanation gives a short but clear 
description of the position that is to be executed. It is 
given distinctly and rather slowly in the natural pitch of 
the voice. 

The Command of Execution^ invariably containing but 
one word, calls for the execution of the position or move- 
ment demanded and is spoken with emphasis. 
Commands of Execution : 
Stand ! 

Rest ! 

Place! 

Down ! 

Begin ! 

March ! 

Between the commands of explanation and execution a 
slight pause is made in order that the class may have 
time to think and get ready. This pause is represented 
by a dash, thus : — - 
3 



20 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTUBE. 



The Command of Discontmiiation^ also containing but 
one word, must be spoken loud enough to be heard dis- 
tinctly. 

Commands of Discontinuation : 

Stop! 

Haiti 



1 SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



45678 12 3 45678 1 

— 7~ - I I I I ri I 1 i 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 

^iS-^ Fig. 2 I I I I I I I 

Fig. 3 



Fig. 4 



Fig. 5 



Fig. 6 




A /r A h 

Fig. 7 Fig. 8 



rig. 9 Pie. 1 o 



\ x \ \ \ w \ 5^ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 

Fig. 11 ^ Fig. Ig 

ALIGXEMENTS. 

3ee page 36 and 37, 



PAET FIRST. 



TACTICS. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



23 



ARRANGING THE CLASS IN THE SCHOOL- 
ROOM. 

The first gymnastic worl^ of tlie teaclier is to arrange 
the class for tlie exercises. 

If the class is a mixed one, boys and girls should be 
placed in separate rows and graded according to size, the 
shorter ones in front. 

The number of rows depends upon the size and shape 
of the room, and the number of pupils in each row upon 
the size of the class. 

After this preliminary work has been done the class is 
brought upon the floor for the exercise as described on 
the following pages. 

RECLINING IN THE SITTING POSITION. 
Fig. 1, page lo. 

The feet rest flat upon the floor, heels closed, toes open 
(angle of 90 degrees). 

The limbs from the knees to the ankles are nearly ver- 
tical. The knees are slightly open. The hands are 
clasped and rest upon the desk near the front edge. 
The arms are bent and the elbows drawn in. The spine 
is straight, the chest raised, the shoulders drawn 
back and the head erect. The trunk inclines backward 
and rests against the back of the seat. The whole posi- 
tion should be free from restraint. 

The pupils should all sit near the outer edge of the seat 
so that the rows will be straight. 



24 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTXJRE. 



THE ERECT SITTING POSITION. 
Fig. 2, page 13. 

At a light tap, given with a pencil, the pupils move 
their trunks forward and sit erect. 

Wliile the pupils should sit straight and still, their 
position should be perfectly natural and easy. 

At the second tap of the pencil, all move outward and 
place their feet in the correct position on the floor of the 
aisles, and their clasped hands in their laps. 

At the third tap all rise, without moving the feet, and 
place their hands at the sides of the body. 

At the fourth tap all start off at the same time with the 
left foot, keeping step and time. 

The pupils take the shortest way that will bring them 
to the places assigned to them in the aisles for the drill. 

In passing to their places the pupils should not touch 
each other or the desks. The change should be made 
without the least noise or confusion. 

When the pupils arrive at their places in the aisles, 
they halt and stand sideways at one side of the aisle. This 
will make room for those who are still walking. 

When all have arranged, the last tap is given, at which 
all step into the middle of the aisles and face front. 

Supposing a school-room to have four available aisles 
and the class to be composed of an equal number of boys 



U SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 25 

aiidA class would now, according to the above 
^Jj.jtis, be arranged as shown in the following diagram. 

Pig. 12 



r 11' lii IV 

FUNDAMENTAL POSITION. 

After the last tap, as described in the preceding chapters, 
has been given, the pupils should be standing in the 
. fundamental position. 

STANDING POSITION. 

Fig. 3 and 4. page 13. 
The heels are closed ; feet turned equally outward at 
an angle of 90 degrees ; knees closed and straight ; trunk 
erect on the hips ; shoulders square and drawn back ; 
arms hanging loosely ; knuckles bent and turned slightly 
forward; elbows slightly drawn in; head erect; chin 
slightly drawn in; eyes to the front. The body inclines 
slightly forward. The whole position should be entirely 
free from restraint. 

DISMISSING THE CLASS IN THE SCHOOL-EOOM. 

At the command: To your seats — March ! or at a tap 
of the pencil, the pupils break ranks and march to their 
seats, each independently of all the others, but all keep- 
ing step and time. There should be no noise or confusion 
of any kind. 

As the pupils arrive in the aisles near their seats, they 
halt and stand sideways at one side of the aisle. 



26 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



At the next tap turn their backs to their own ^^ts. 

\ 

At the next tap all sit down, without moving the'fet, 
and place their hands, clasped, in their laps. \ 

At the next tap all turn, facing front, and place th, 
feet in the proper position on the floor, and their hanci 
clasped, on the desks. All sit erect. ^' 

At the last tap all lean back against the back of the 
seats. 

In the higher grades rising may be done in one move- 
ment. Bitting also. 

Rising. After the pupils have taken the erect sitting 
position, a tap is given, at which tlie pupils rise in one 
moderate movement. The outer foot is placed in the aisle 
and the inner hand on the desk ; this gives the body sup- 
port during the rising movement. Immediately after the 
body is well poised Over the foot in the aisle, the heels are 
closed and the hand on the desk is placed at the side of 
the body. 

Sitting. Before the tap for sitting is given, the pupils 
should be standing opposite their seats, facing front. At 
the signal, the inner hand is placed upon the desk to sup- 
port the body and the inner foot is placed under the desk. 
While the body is sinking the heels are closed and the 
hands, clasped, on the desk. The pupils should then be 
in the erect sitting position. 

ARRANGING THE CLASS IN THE HALL, THE CORRIDOR OR 
THE GYMNASIUM. 

If the hall, corridor or gymnasium is conveniently- 
located, the class should be arranged in the class-room 



/ / A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 27 
W 

somejr^r^j^ on the plan described on page 23, and then 
marCjnto the room where the drill is to be given. If, 
hoWer, the pupils are obliged to assemble in the gym- 
^^Mn or the drill-room in some other way, tiie following 
WjUggest how the class should be called to order and 
'ynged for the gymnastic instruction, 
it the command J^all in ! all noise and play should 
/se instantly and the pupils arrange themselves in' a 
/e, standing side by side. The tallest pupil should 
tj^and at the left of and facing the teacher. The other 
pupils form in line at the left of the leader according to 
size, so that the shortest pupil will be last in the line. 

If the class is a mixed one, boys and girls should form 
in separate divisions, both divisions on the same line, or 
opposite each other. 

The pupils stand in the fundamental position (page 25). 
The elbows of each pupil should slightly touch those of 
right and left neighbors. All toes should be on a line. 

Fig. 13 

I I 

— — — — —— — — —— -T — -r——-ry 

Boys Girls 

Teacher 

Before teaching anything further about " ranks " or 
" alignements " it is advisable to drill the class on facing., 
marking time., halting and such other movements that 
can be executed while the class is on a halt. 

Some other signal^ for instance the sounding of a gong., 
may be substituted for the command Fall in! if deemed 
necessary or desirable. 



28 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



DISMISSING THE CLASS IN THE HALL, THE COERr OR 
THE GYMNASIUM. ^ 

If expedient the class should be marched fi^the 
gymnasium or the drill-room into the class-roo^nd 
the pupils seated as described on page 25. If it is Ar- 
able, or necessary, to dismiss the class in the gymnam 
or the drill-room, the command Break ranks ! is giv( 

At this command, for which, however, some other sig 
may be substituted, the pupils disband quietly ? 
orderly. 

FACINGS AT A HALT. 



Facings are turns of the individual on the longitudinal 
axis of the body, that is, on an imaginary line drawn 
through the body from head to feet. 

The turns are performed on the heel that lies on the 
side towards which the turn is made. A turn to the right 
is made on the right heel ; a turn to the left, on the left 
heel. 

During the turn the balls of both feet are raised slightly 
from the floor, and are lowered again, silently, after the 
turn is completed. The whole weight of the body is 
thrown upon the heel on which the turn is made. The 
heels remain closed and the toes open. 

' Before, during and after the turn, the whole body must 
be held still. 

In Tactics ^, ^ and^ turns to the right and to the left 
are distinguished. 

The following lesson contains all of the commands for 
facing. It is also intended as an example of how the 
instructions should be given. 

It is not the plan of this book to have all the exercises 
under one heading given in one drill. The teacher is to 
select from different headings a variety of movements for 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE, 



29 



each lesson. The outline for each grade in the last part 
of the book will aid tlie teacher in making such selections. 

Supposing the class to be arranged in the class-room as 
shown on page 25, the commands for facing may be given 
thus : 

Right — Face ! A quarter turn to the right on the right 
heel. " Right " is the explanatory command and " Face " 
the command of execution. The dash between the two 
commands signifies that a slight pause should be made. 
Immediately after the command of execution has been 
given, each individual carries out the order promptly. 
All bodies should move in concert. 

This command may be repeated any number of times; 
it always signifies tliat a quarter turn shall be executed 
from the direction in which the pupils were facing when 
the command was given. 

When first instructions are given, it is well to give the 
command four times in succession, in order to bring out 
the idea of the four quarter turns. 

Reft — Face ! A quarter turn to the left on the left heel. 
If the command is given four times it will bring the pupils 
back to the original position, that is, facing front. 

Half -right — Face! An eighth turn to the right on the 
right heel. If given eight times it will bring the pupils 
back to the front position. 

Half left — Face! An eighth turn to the left on the 
left heel. Eight times. 

Next, in the higher grades, quarter and eighth turns 
should be given in alternation. 

Right-about — Face!- A half turn to the right on the 
right heel. Twice. 

I^eft-ahout — Face ! A half turn to the left on the left 
heel. Twice. 



30 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



Next, ill the higher grades, quarter, eighth and half 
turns should be given in alternation. 

If two or niore ranks, facing to the right, or left, or 
obliquely to the right or left, in the same, or in opposite 
directions, are to face the front, at the same time, the 
command : Front — Face! is given. 

According to Fig. 14, 

Mix 

12 3 4 

.Fig. 14 

the members of rank 1 would make an \ turn to the left ; 
those of rank 2, a ^ turn to the right ; those of rank 3, a 
\ turn to the left, and those of rank 4, an \ turn to the 
right. 

Thus: -14-44- 
Fig. 15 

If the ranks are facing as in Fig. 16, 

12 3 4 

/•I |. V 
Tig. 16 

and it is desired to face them to the rear, at the same 
time, the command ( To the) Rear — Face ! is used. At this 
connnand the members of rank 1 would make an \ turn 
to the right ; those of rank 2 a ^ turn to the right ; those 
of rank 3 a \ turn to the left, and those of rank 4 an \ 
turn to the left. 

If two ranks, facing to the front or rear, 

!Feont Eear' 
Fig. 17 

or to the front and rear, 

~ >"ig. 18 ■ 

are to face each other, the command Inward — Face! is 
given. The result in each case would be : 

1- I 

Fig. 19 



A SYSTE3I OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



31 



If the two ranks are to face oat ward from each- other 
thus : 

•I I- 
Pig. 20 

the command Outioard — Face! is given. 

Two ranks can also be made to face obliquely inward 
or outward. In this case the word obliquely is prefixed 
to the command. 

Front., jReai\ Inward and Outicard — Face can be used 
only for quarter and eighth turns. 

MARKING TIME FROM A HALT. 

The inexperienced teacher will find it advantageous to 
make the first attempts at conducting tactic exercises in 
the class-room. After the commands for facing, marking 
time, halting, etc., can be given without the aid of a 
manual, the teacher will be better able to handle the class 
outside of the school- room. 

Marking Time. Marking time is a sham walk. The 
feet are moved as in walking, but without gaining ground. 
The feet are moved forward and turned downward and 
outward. The heel of the advancing foot is raised, while 
the toe is depressed. The weight of body is on the rear 
(the standing) foot. The toe of the forward foot is held just 
over the floor. Both knees are straight, but should be 
without stiffness. The feet should move noiselessly. 
The trunk, head and arms are held still. 

The command used is : Marh time — March ! March is 
the command of execution used chiefly in tactics. 
Marking time is invariably begun with the left foot. 

The time in which the feet are moved is common time, 
that is, moderate time. 



32 ^ SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL' CULTURE. 

TO HALT THE CLASS FROM MARKING TIME. 

To halt the class when markhig time, the command 
Class — Halt ! is given. The command is given while the 
left foot is being brought back. The pupils then take 
one more step with the right foot and halt. 

RESTING POSITIONS. 

When pupils are to be given a short rest after an ex- 
ercise, or for any other purpose, but their attention is 
still to be fixed, the command In Place — Rest! is given. 
In this position the pupils are to stand as still and be as 
attentive as in any of the other positions. 

The restmg position is taken from the fundamental po- 
sition in the following manner : 

RESTING POSITION. 
Fig. 5, page 13. 

(a) The right foot is moved backward one normal step. 

{h) The body is moved backward and its entire weight 
thrown upon the right foot. The right leg is kept per- 
fectly straight. 

(c) The left knee is slightly bent. 

(d) The arms are folded upon the chest, the right arm 
over the left. The hands are closed lightly and concealed 
under the upper arms. The whole position should be free, 
easy and natural. The four movements are taken simul- 
taneously at the command: Best! 

To resume the fundamental position from the resting 
position, the four movements described above are reversed, 
and taken simultaneously at the command : In position 
— Stand! 

The four movements reversed are : 

(a) The right foot moved forward. 

(b) The body moved forward. 

(c) The left knee straightened. 

(d) The arms lowered, 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



33 



When the teacher desires to relieve the pupils from 
fixing their attention, but wishes them to keep their 
places in the ranks, the command : JP'ull Best ! is given. 
At this command the pupils need no longer stand still, 
nor need they take any particular position. They are re- 
quired, however, to remain orderly and quiet and keep 
their places in the ranks. 

To resume work the teacher gives the command : In 
position — Stand! 

FQEMATION OF EANKS. 

For tactic exercises and evolutions it is necessary that 
the teacher has at his or her disposal an empty class- 
room, a hall, a corridor or a gymnasium. In mild weather 
the play-ground can be used to advantage. No further 
mention will be made in these pages of the class-room 
with desks, as it cannot be used for Tactics, 

Front Bank. When the pupils form side by side they 
are standing in front rank. 

Front Kank, 
Fig. 21 

The pupil standing at the right is the right leader^ the 
one at the left is the left leader. 

Flank Bank. When pupils form one behind the other 
they will be standing 'm flank rank. 

•( I I 1 I f I 

FrANK Rank 
Pig. 22 

The first pupil, who should be the tallest, is the front 
leader ; the last pupil, the shortest, is the rear leader. 

If the pupils form in flank rank in the same order, but 
facing in the opposite direction, the shortest pupil will bQ 
front leader^ and the tallest, rear leader, 



34 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



Ohlique Rank. If the pupils form in rank, facing to 
tlie right or left midway between front and flank rank, 
they will be standing in ohlique rank. 

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 

Oblique Rank: 
rig. 23 

Circular Rank. When pupils form in a circle, side by 
side, facing the center, they will be arranged in front 
circle., facing imcard. 

/. \ 
( 1 

\ ^ / 

Front Circle 

facing Inward. 

If they face outward they are in front circle facing out- 
ward. 

/ \ 
I 1 
\ _ z 

Front Circle" 

Ifacing Outward 



When pupils form in a circle standing behind each 
other, they Avill be standing in flank circle^ right or left., 
according to which side is turned outward. 



Flank Circle 
Fig. 26 

When each of these ranks has been taught alone, 
pupils should learn to form the different ranks in rapid 
succession. The following is an example of a drill of this 
kind ; 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



35 



1. Form in front circle^ facing imcard! 
JBrea Jx ran>J:s ! 

2. Form in flanh rank, facing right ! 
Brealc ranks ! 

3. Form in flanh circle^ right side outward! 
Break ranks ! 

4. Form in oblique rank^ facing left ! 
Break ranks ! 

5. Form in front circle^ fachig outiuard! 
Break ranks ! 

6. Form in front rank ! 

The command " Break ranks ! " should not be given 
until the rank is perfectly formed. 

ALIGNEMENTS. 

A rank is aligned or dressed when the individual mem- 
bers composing the rank adjust themselves to a straight 
line. 

A front rank is dressed by pupils moving up, usually in 
quick time, toward the right, or left leader, or from both 
sides toward the center pupil, and placing themselves on 
the required line. The commands used are : 

Bight — Dress! Left — Dress I and Center — Dress! 

# 

After having placed the right leader one or two steps 
forward, the command Right — Dress ! is given.- At the 
command dress^ all except the right leader cast their eyes 
to the right, slightly turning the head, and, by moving 
up in quick, short steps, align themselves on a line with 
the right leader. Each pupil should slightly touch with 
his elbow the elbow of the pupil on his right. In turning 
the head it must not be bent forward. When the rank is 
well aligned, the command Front! is given, at which the 
pupils cast their eyes to the front, turning the head, and 
stand still. 

3 



36 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



At the command Center — Dress ! the pupils dress up 
from both sides, those at the right of the center pupil 
dressing to the left, those at the left, to the right. 

At the command Left — Dress ! the pupils align them- 
selves to the left as explained under right — dress ! only 
reversely. 

The alignement of front rank sideways right, or left, 
or to the center, to the rear is executed on the same prin- 
ciple. The right, left or center pupil stepping back a 
little beyond the line, and the other pupils dressing up as 
explained above. 

A flank rank is dressed by pupils (except the front 
leader) moving sideways, forward or backward as neces- 
sity would demand, and thus adjusting themselves to the 
line indicated by the front leader. 

The distance between each two pupils must be the 
width of the shoulders. In other words, there must be 
just enough room for each pupil to make a quarter turn. 

The alignement of an oblique rank is similar to that of 
a flank rank. 

A front circle is aligned as a front rank. 

A flank circle is aligned as a flank rank. 

The following is an example of a drill on the aligne- 
ments of the various ranks. The class is arranged on 
one front rank. (Fig. 1.) See page 21. 

Bight — Face! At this command the front rank is 
changed to a flank rank. (Fig. 2.) 

Front leader., one step side — right — March! (Fig. 3.) 

Front — Dress! The words are spoken quickly to- 
gether. At the command all the pupils behind the front 
leader move quickly to the right and place themselves on 
a line with the front leader. 

Left—Face ! A quarter turn to the front. This brings 
the class back into front rank as in Fig. 1. 



A SYSTE3I OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



37 



J^eft leader, one step forward — March! (Fig. 4.) 

Left— Dress ! The pupils move up in quick time and 
place themselves on a line with the left leader. 

Tiro center pupils one step form ard — March! (Fig. 5.) 

Ce)iter — Dress! The pupils move up from both sides 
and place themselves on a line with the two center pupils. 

Might leader, one step backward — March ! (Fig. 6.) 

Bight— Dress ! (To the Rear.) The pupils move back- 
ward to the right and place themselves on a line with the 
right leader. 

Breah Bank, and for)n in front circle, facing i)iward, on 
the opposite side of the room — March ! At this command 
the pupils break rank and walk to the opposite side of 
the room in quick time and form in front circle, facing 
inward. (Fig. 7.) 

BigJit leader, one step ha(:kirard — March! (Fig. 8.) 

Bight and left— ( To the rear.) Dress! N'umbers 2, 3 
and 4 dress to the right. Numbers 5, 6, 7 and 8 to the 
left. 

Bight — Face ! This changes the front circle to a flank 
circle, right flank outward. (Fig. 9.) 

Left leader, one step side— left — March! (Fig. 10.) 

Front — Dress! Beginning with No. 1 the pupils step 
to the left successively and arrange themselves in a per- 
fect circle, taking No. 8 as a guide. 

Break Bank, and form in right- oblique rank on op- 
posite side of room — March! (Fig. 11.) 

Bight leader one step (obliquely) forvxard — March! 
(Fig. 12.) 

Bight — Dress! All pupils, except right leader, step 
obliquely forward and arrange in a right-oblique rank on 
a line with No. 1. 

Front — Face! This brings the class back to the origi- 
nal position. Fig. 1. 



38 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



STEPPING. 

In stepping^ with the exception of sideways to the right, 
the left foot is invariably advanced. 

Steps forward or backward have one movement more 
than the number of steps called for in the command. 

Stej)s sideways have twice as many movements as the 
number of steps called for in the command. 

The class is arranged in front rank. 

One step forward — March ! At the command 3Iarch ! 
all step off smartly with the left foot, moving the body 
forward, and then bring the right foot forward and place 
it beside the left. The step should be taken energetically 
and the two movements of the feet follow in rapid 
succession. The heel of the left foot strikes the floor 
a little in advance of the ball. 

One step hackuKird — March! Same as forward, only re- 
versely. The left foot advances to the rear, but the ball 
of the foot strikes the floor first. 

Two steps forward — March! The left foot advances, 
then the right foot is placed in front of the left, and lastly 
the heels are closed by bringing forward the left foot. 
The three movements follow in rapid succession. The 
forward movement of the body must be even and unin- 
terupted. 

Th:ree steps hackioard — March! (Four movements.) 
Left — Face! This command changes the rank to a 
flank rank. 

One step side-right — March! The right foot advances 
to the right and the body is moved in the same direction. 
Then the left foot is brouglit up and i^laced beside the 
right. 

Two steps side-right — March! Same as two single 
steps. 

One step side-left— March ! The left foot and body 



A SYSTEM OF PEYSICAL GULTUEE. 



39 



are moved to the left. Then the right foot is brought up 
and placed beside the left. 

Three steps side-left — March! Same as three single 
steps. 

The oblique steps forward and backward are taken as 
direct steps forward and backward. 

COUNTING OFF. 

A rank can be divided and subdivided into a number of 
smaller ranks, of twoes, fours, eights, etc., or of threes, 
sixes, nines, etc., etc. 

In order that each member may know his position in 
the rank divisions and his relative position to the whole 
rank, the members count or number off. 

T\iQ front rank may count off from right to left, or from 
left to right. Each pupil in turn speaks aloud, in a 
natural tone of voice, his number and, in so doing, turns 
his head to his neighbor. After the number has been 
spoken the head is turned to the front again. 

The command is : 

Count off by fours (or any other number) /rom oHght to 
left (or the reverse) — Count! Supposing the rank to con- 
tain sixteen pupils, after the above command, it would be 
divided into four ranks of four members each, thus : 

Fig. 27 

12 '3 4 123 41234 1 2 3 4 

' _ n m IV ' 

The following drill will serve to illustrate how the 
teacher should proceed when first teaching " counting off.'''' 
Drills like the one given here will soon make clear the 
idea of rank division and the relation of the individual 
member to the division, and of the division to the entire 
rank. 



40 ^ SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 

The class consisting of sixteen pupils is arranged as in- 
dicated in Fig. 27. 

Count off by fours^ from right to left — Count ! (Fig. 27.) 
Number ones, one step forward — March ! (Fig. 28.) 

23423493 4 234 
_1_ -r — T \ -r--r -r ir- - -r \-r —r' 

Fig. 28 

Number 09ies, 07ie step backward — March! (Fig. 27.) 
Number fours, one step backward — March! (Fig. 29.) 

^ Fig. 29 

1 2 ai-l 23i.l 232.1 2 3 1, 



Number twoes, one step bachvmrd— March ! (Fig. 30.) 



Fig. 30 

2 4 2 4 2 4 



Number ones and threes, one step bacTiward— March ! 
(Fig. 27.) 

The first four, one step forioard — March! (Fig. 31.) 



Fig. 31 

II III 



The third four, one step forward— March ! (Fig. 32.) 



The second and fourth fours, one step forward — March! 
{Vxg. 27.) 

The first and third fours, rir/ht—Face ! (Fig. 33.) 
Fig. 33 

I II III IV 

,1 1 1 1 ^^^T^rTTi f^^T^i 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



41 



The second and fourth fours., left — Face! (Fig. 34.) 

I II III IV 

•I :l 11 1- 1 ill I I I III I- 
Pig. 34 

Glass., front— Face ! (Fig. 27.) 

There are still other drills on this subject, that will 
suggest themselves to the thoughtful teacher. 

Pupils standing in flank rank count olf from first to 
last, the manner of counting being similar to that in front 
rank. 

In oblique rank, and in circle, pupils " count off'''' as in 
front or flank rank. 

RANK CONNECTIONS. 

A ranh is said to be connected, when its members are 
joined^ together by hands or arms, or both. 

CONNECTIONS IN FRONT RANK. 

1. Hand in hand., arms straight— Place ! (Fig. 1, 
Frontispiece.) 

Each pupil grasps with his right hand the left hand of 
his neighbor at the right (except the right leader), and 
with his left hand the right hand of his neighbor at the 
left (except the left leader). The body is not moved. 

Arms dovm — Place! All let go of hands (quickly). 

2. Hand in hand., arms bent — Place ! (Fig. 2, Frontis- 
piece.) 

The hands are joined, as above, and then raised to 
about the height of the shoulders. Elbows and wrists 
are gracefully bent, and the grasp is loose. 

Arms dovm — Place ! 

3. Right hand around right neighbor'' s waist — Place ! 
(Fig. 3, Frontispiece.) 

Arm down — Place ! 



42 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



4. Left hand around left neighbor'' s loaist — Place! 
Arm down — Place ! 

5. Poth hands around neighbors' waists — Place ! (Fig. 
4, Frontispiece.) 

Left arms cross right arms. 
Arms down— Place ! 

6. Pight hand on right neighbor'^s left shoulder — 
Place! (Fig. 5, Frontispiece), 

The right arm is raised to the right in back of the rank 
and the pahn of the liand placed liglitly on the left 
shoulder of the right neighbor. (The right leader ex- 
cepted.) The elbow is depressed and the hand turned 
forward. 

Arm down — Place! 

7. Left hand on left neighbor'' s right shoidder — Place ! 
Arm down — Place ! 

8. Right hand on right neighbor's right shoulder — 
Place! 

All except the right leader place their right hand on 
right neighbor's right shoulder. 
Arm doicn — Place ! 

9. Left hand on left neighbor'' s left shoidder — Place ! 
Arm down — Place ! 

10. Arms crossed forward — Place! (Fig. 6, Frontis- 
piece.) 

Each pupil moves his arms outward in front of the 
rank and grasps the hand of the second pupil on each 
side. The right and left leaders move their outer arms 
inward and complete the "chain." All right arms cross 
over left arms. During the movement of the arms the 
body must be held perfectly straight and still. 

Arms dovm — Place ! 

All let go of hands and place the arms at the sides. 

11. Cross arms backward — Place! (Fig. 7, Frontis- 
piece.) 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



43 



The arms are crossed behind, same as forward, except 
that left arms cross over right arms. 
Arms down — Place! 

When changing from arms crossed forioard to arms 
crossed backward., or vice- versa, direct, the arms wliile 
passing between the members of the rank remain crossed. 

CONNECTIONS IN FLANK EANK. 

1. Itight hand on right shoidder in front — Place! 
(Fig. 8, Frontispiece.) 

All except the leader. The arm is slightly bent. 
Arm down — Place! 

2. Left hand on left shoidder in front — Place! 
Arm down — Place ! 

3. Hands 07i shoidder s in front — Place! (Fig. 9, 
Frontispiece.) 

Connections 1 and 2 at the same time.- 
Arms down — Place ! 

Connections in oblique rank and in front and flank 
circle are like those in front and flank ranks. 



MARCHING IN RANK. 

In marching the feet should move naturally, the knees 
be without stifl:'ness and the body carried erect and still. 
The toes should be turned outward. See also funda- 
mental position^ page 25 . 

When marching forward, or obliquely forward, the 
heels touch the floor first. 

When marching backward, or obliquely backward, or 
sideways right, or left, the balls of the feet touch the 
floor a little in advance of the heels. 



44 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



1. The DIRECTION of the movement in front or flank 
rank is eithev foi^ward, hackiimrd^ sideways or obliqueo 
The forward movement can begin from : 

{ci) A halt. 

i}>) Marking time. 

(c.) The back step. 

{d) The side step. 
The backward movement can begin from : 

{a) A halt. 

(b.) Marking time. 

(c.) The forward step. 

(d.) The side step. 
The movement sideways can begin from : 

(«.) A halt. 

(b.) Marking time. 

(c.) The forward step. 

(d.) The back step, 

(e.) The opposite side step. 

II. THE STEPS. 

The length of the ordinary step varies according to the 
height of the pupil. 

The length of the step a class is to march in must, 
therefore, be approximated. 

A short step is often used when it becomes necessary to 
make a certain distance in less time without diminishing 
the speed. 

III. SPEED. 

1. Common time is the natural walk. 

2. Slow time is several degrees slower than the com- 
mon time. 

3. Quiclc time is several degrees faster than common 
time. 

4. Double-quick time is several degrees faster than 
quick time. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



45 



5. Mwming., the next degree of speed, but Avbich is 
no longer walking, is more fully explained in the second 
part of this book. Changing from one degree of speed to 
another should not affect the length of the steps to any- 
marked degree. 

In marching forward or backward, the left foot is inva- 
riably advanced. While marching in rank the members 
must keep themselves correctly aligned. In front rank 
the guide^ who marches straight to the front (or to the 
rear) is either the right or left leader, as the instructor 
designates. The rank members dress up closely towards 
the guide, casting their eyes in the same direction, and 
keep on a line with the guide. In flank rank the guide is 
the first member. 

The command used for such alignments in front 
rank is : - , 

Guide right! {or left!) or Eyes right! (or left!) 

In flanh rank: Gtiide front ! or Eyes forivard! 

MARCHING IN FRONT RANK. 

When pupils are first learning to march in front rank, 
the instructor does well to divide the class into squads of 
four. 

First, each four in turn marches forward, or backward, 
alone. Then two adjoining squads togetlier. Next three 
squads, and so on, until, lastly, the whole class marches 
forward in one front rank. 

It is easier for beginners to march in front rank when 
the members are connected ; for instance, with arms 
crossed forward or backward. 

To illustrate, we will suppose the class to be composed 
of 16 pupils, and to be arranged in front rank: 

;l_ 

Fig. 35 

Count off^ hy fours, from right to left — Begin ! 



46 A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CVLTUUE. 



Arms crossed foricard^ by fours — Place! 
This comniand divides the class into four front ranks 
of four members each : 

Fig. 36 

ii^l JLiil illi LL1± 

P'irst four forioard^ guide right — March ! 

At the command March^ the first four start off smartly 
with the left foot, marching directly forward. The rank 
must be kept correctly aligned. The eyes (except those 
of the guide, who casts his in the opposite direction) are 
cast to the right. 

When the rank has arrived at the opposite side of the 
room, the following command is given : 
Class — Malt ! 

At the command Hcdt^ given the instant the left foot 
strikes the floor, the forward movement of the body is 
instantly stopped, after which the right foot is brought 
forward and placed beside the left. 

This last step of the right foot may be emphasized if 
the leader i^refers. 

The second, third and fourth fours are then marched 
forward in turn and halted beside the first four. 

Arms doim — Place! 

All let go of hands and place the arms at the sides. 

Right-about — Face ! 

A half turn to the right, on the right heel. 
Arms crossed backward^ by eights — Place ! 
This command will divide the class into two ranks of 
eight members each. 

^ I 'I I ^ 

T ~ 8" T ~ 

Fig. 37 

First eight forward^ guide left — March! 

The first eight start off with the left foot, aligning the 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



47 



rank by casting- the eyes and dressing to the left. The 
guide on the left of the rank casts his eyes to the right. 
At the opposite side of the room tlie command is given : 

Class — Halt ! Or, the rank is previously told to halt 
Avithout any farther command. 

The second eight are next marched forward and halted 
beside the first eight. 

xh'ms doicn — Place! 

Left-ahout — Face! 

A half-turn to the left on the left heel. 

Class : Arms crossed forioard — Place ! 

The class is now considered as being arranged in one 
front ranl^ of 16 members. 

Class: Forward^ guide left — Alarch! 

Eyes to the left. The guide on the left, casts his eyes 
to the right. 

At the opposite side of the room : 

Mark time — Alarch ! 

The forward movement is stopped and the class marks 
the time, that is, moves tiie feet as in walking, but with- 
out gaining ground. 

Class: BachvKird^ guide right — March! 

I Fig. 38 



In marching backward the feet are not moved directly 
to the rear. The stepping foot is first moved slightly 
forward and placed in the balance step-position (see part 
third). The heel is raised, the toe depressed and the in- 
step straightened. The knee is held straight, but not 
stiff. The body is balanced on the standing limb. Im- 
mediately after the forward movement the stepping foot 
is carried to the rear and at the same time the body is 
moved backward. Tlie ball strikes the floor a little in 
advance of the heel. When the heel is lowered the weight 



48 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE, 



of the body is transferred from the standing foot, which 
is in front, to the stepping foot that is now in the rear. 
Simultaneously with lowering the heel of the rear foot 
the heel of the front foot is raised and placed in the posi- 
tion described first. While the feet are moving alter- 
nately, as described, the backward movement of the body 
must be even and uninterrupted. 

When the rank has arrived at the opposite side of the 
room the command is given: 

Class — Halt ! 

At the command halt given the instant the left foot 
strikes the floor, the movement of the body is stopped, 
and the right foot brought backward and the heels closed. 
This last step of the right foot may, if preferred, be 
emphasized. 

Arms doim — Place / 

Hight-ahout — Face ! 

This command leaves the class in the order it was in 
at the beginning of the lesson. 

MARCHING IN FLANK RANK. 

The class is arranged in one front rank. 

Fig, 39 

Bight — Face ! 

This command changes the front rank to a flank rank : 

Fig. 40 

•1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 

Forward — March ! 

At the connnand march all, the last as well as the first, 
step off with the left foot. The rank marches in a straight 
line forward, as far as the size of the hall will permit. 
The members keep the rank well aligned by looking 
straight to the front. The first pupil is the guide. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



49 



Mark time — March I 

The forward movement is arrested at once, and the 
pupils mark time. 
Class — Halt ! 

Backward., eyes forioard — March ! 

All start olf promptly with the left foot. The feet are 
first moved slightly forward before they are placed back- 
ward. The balls of the feet strike the floor first. 

The first pupil (in front) is the guide. 

After £he rank has arrived at the starting place : 

Class— Halt ! 

Halt is given v^^hen the left foot is being moved back- 
ward. The pupils then halt with the back step of the 
right foot. 

Front — Face ! . 

A quarter turn to the left, on the left heel. This com- 
mand changes the flank rank to a front rank. 
Left— Face! 

This command changes the front rank to a flank rank, 
the pupil at the left becoming leader and guide. 

Fig. 4X 

|. 1- (. |. |. |. |.|. ,.|.|. (. |.|. 

Side-step to the right., eyes foriuard — March f 
A single person walks forward or backv^ard, or ob- 
liquely forward or backward, but steps sideways. The 
movement sideways being brought about by a succession 
of single steps, and not an alternation of steps as in the 
natural walk. When two or more persons walk together, 
keeping step and time, they are said to be marching. 

At the command march all step sideways to the right 
advancing the right foot. The toe of the right foot is de- 
pressed, the heel raised. As the body is moved sideways 
the ball of the foot strikes the floor and the moment the 
heel of the right foot is lowered and the weight of the 



50 A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



body transferred from the left foot onto the right foot, 
the heel of the left foot is raised, the toe remaining an 
instant on the floor. All these movements described 
follow each other in the order given rapidly, the end of 
the body movement being the lowering of the right heel 
and the raising of the left heel. Then the left foot is 
placed beside the right foot. This step is repeated 
until halt or some other command is given. 
Class. — Halt / 

The command halt is given when the right foot is being 
advanced. The class halts with the step of the left foot. 

Might-ahout — Face ! 

A half-turn, on the right heel. The rank will now be 
facing in the opposite direction, the pupils at the right 
becoming leader and guide. 
Side-step to the left, eyes forward — March ! 

Same as side-step to the right, except advancing the 
left foot to the left. 

Glass — Halt ! 

The class halts with the step of the right foot. 
Front — Face ! 

This command brings the class into the original posi- 
tion. 

Marching in oblique ranh^ and in front and flank circle 
is explained in the next chapter. 



TRANSFORMATION OF RANKS, BEING AT A 
HALT. 

A frojit ranJc is transformed into a flank rank by facing 
to the right, or left, and into an oblique rank by facing 
obliquely to the right, or left. This has been explained 
in the preceding chapters and need not be repeated at 
length here. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 51 



A flank rank is transformed into a front rank by facing 
to the right, or left, and into an oblique rank by facing 
obHquely to the right, or left. This, too, has been ex- 
plained in previous chapters. 

A fi'ont rank can be changed to a front semi-circle, or 
circle, by either right or left, or right and left leaders 
marching forward or backward in a curved line (the other 
members of the rank following) until the rank is stand- 
ing in a half-circle, or until the leaders meet, in which 
case the rank would be standing in a circle. 

A flank rank is changed to a flank semi- circle, or circle, 
in the same way, with the exception that the marching is 
sideways to the right, or left. 

An oblique rank is transformed into a front or flank 
rank by an eighth turn to the right, or left. 

A front circle is transformed into a front rank by the 
leaders marching forward or backward, and into a flank 
or oblique circle, by facing to the right, or left. 

A flank circle is transformed into a flank rank by the 
leaders marching forward, or backward, and into a front 
or oblique circle, by facing to the right, or left. 

AN EXERCISE. 

The class is arranged in one front rank. 

rig. 42 

1 8 9 16 

-r — T-r T f -r -r T T T -T -r T T 

Arms crossed forward — Place! 

Form semi-circle^ right and left leaders forward — March ! 

Numbers 1 and 16 march forward in a curved line, tak- 
ing regular steps, and dressing toward the center. Num- 
bers 8 and 9 mark time and remain stationary. All be- 
tween 1 and 8 guide right and dress left, while those 
between 9 and 16 guide left and dress right. The steps 
4 



52 



A SYSTE3f OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



grow proportionately shorter from the ends of the rank 
to the middle where no ground is gained. 

_i 11 

/ Fig. 43 ^\ 

Form front ranl\ right and left leaders hacJcicard— 
March / 

Form circle^ right and left leaders foricard — March ! 

The march, as described under half-circle, is continued 
until both leaders meet opposite numbers 8 and 9. 

Form front raiik^ right and left leaders hackvmrd — ■ 
Mar ch I 

Right — Face ! In turning the arms are lowered. 

Form circle^ first and last., sideioays to the left — March ! 

The circle is formed as described under front circle, 
with the exception that the steps are sideways. 

Form flank ranJc^ first and kist^ sidevmys to the right — • 
March ! 

Front — Face ! 

This one illustration will suffice to make clear to the 
teacher how one rank is transformed into another. The 
teacher is to work out, at his own pleasure, all of the 
possible transformations of ranks, and to use them at dif- 
ferent times in connection with other tactic exercises. 



TRANSFORMATION OF RANKS, BEING IN 
MARCH. 

The character of a rank is changed while in march, in 
like manner as when being at a halt. 
The ranks are transformed by facing. 
The command face is given the instant the foot on the 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



53 



side the rank is to face in touches the floor. The rear 
foot is then brought forward (when the movement is for- 
ward ; when the movement is backward, the front foot 
is brought to the rear) and the turn executed on the ball 
of this foot as it touches the floor. At the same time the 
other foot, the one the command face is given on, is ad- 
vanced in the new direction. 

To halt the rank : Command : Class — Halt ! 

The command dass^ which is the cautionary command, 
is given the instant the left foot touches the floor. 

The command halt is then given at the next left step, 
at which the movement of the rank is stopped and the 
right foot placed beside the left. 

•AN EXERCISE. 

The class is arranged in front rank : 



16 



rig. 44 

Arms crossed backtvarcl — Place ! 
Mark time — March I 
Forward., guide right — March ! 

Attention ! Left — Face ! A quarter turn to the left. 

The members let go of hands and face to the left. The 
command : Attention ! is usually given a little before the 
command proper. 

Fig. 45 
\ I I ! I I I I I I I I I M l- 

Flank Rank. 

Left hand on left shoidder in front — Place I 
Half right— Face I 

An eighth turn to the right. The left hands remain on 
shoulders. 

Oblique Rank. 

Fig. 46 



54 ^ SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 

Half -right — Face ! The left hands remain on shoulders. 

Front Rank. 
_1 16 

Fig. 47 I 

Arms down — Place I The arms are lowered. 
Hight-ahout — Face ! A half-turn to the right. 

^ Fig. 48 I 

1 16 

Arr}%s crossed forward — Place ! 
Half-left- — Face I The arms are lowered. 

\ Fig. 49 
y y y y y y y y y y y y y yy y 

1 . .16 

Half right — Face ! 

\ Fig. 50 
— _ 

Left — Face ! 

1 Fig. 51 16 
•I I I I 1 I I I I I I I III I 



Right — Face 



^ Fig. 52 

Left-about — Face ! 

w 

I Fig. 53 

Class — Halt ! 



CLOSE AND OPEN ORDER. 

A rank may be arranged in close or open order. When 
the rank is in open order, the members are separated 
from one another at half distance^ ov full distance^ or at a 
distance less than half, or greater than full, according 
to the intention of the instructor. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



55 



Half distance = One arm in position outward (or for- 
ward). 

Full distance = Both arms in position outward. 

A front rank can be opened: Forward or backward., 
sideioays right or left, from right or left leader, from the 
center, or from any member of the rank. 

A flank rank can be opened forward from the rear 
member or backward from the front leader, forward or 
backward from any member of the rank, and sideways 
right or left from any one or more of the members. 

A f ront circle is opened by marching forward or back- 
ward according to the direction in which the members 
are facing. 

A flank circle is opened by side steps to the right or 
left, according to the direction in which the members are 
facing. 

AN EXERCISE. 

The class is arranged in a front rank. 

Pig. 54 

J[_ 2_ J_ _4_ _5_ 6_ J_ 8_ J_ W n_ 12 14 15 16 

Attention / Open, rank^ hcUf distance., sideioays to the 
left— March ! 

All, except the right leader, take side-steps to the left 
and gradually raise the left arm into position side-left. 
The right arm is kept still. The leader at the left of the 
rank keeps both arms down. 

All turn their heads to the right, except the riglit 
leader, who may turn his head to the left, or keep it to 
the front. In looking to the right, each member observes 
the left arm of his right neighbor. When it is fully ex- 
tended, he halts. All left arms are held in position side- 
left until Arms doion — Place. ^ is given, at which com- 
mand the arms are lowered and the heads turned to the 
front. 



56 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



The rank will now be standing in open order, half dis- 
tance. • 

TaTT T T T" T Tew. 
Fig. 55 >^ > 

Close ranhs^ side-step to the left— March I 

All, exce]3t the left leader, take side-steps to the left 
until the rank is closed, each member, in turn, stopping 
when left elbow slightly touches right elbow of left 
neighbor. 

The rank will now be standing in close order. 
Left— Face ! 

1 Fig. 56 16 

I I I I I I I I I M l I I I I- 

Open rank., half distance., hachvmi'd — March I 
All, except the front leader, march backward and grad- 
ually raise both arms into position forward. When the 
arms are fully extended, and at one inch distance from 
back of front neighbor, each member, in turn, halts. 
When all have halted, the command : Anns dovm — 
Place I is given, at which all arms are lowered. 

The flank rank will now be standing in open order, 
half distance. 

etc. 9 10 11 12 13 14' 1» IS 
I I I I I I I I 

^ w Fig. 57 

Bight-ahout — Face ! 

Close rank^ forimrd — March I 

All, except the front leader, march forward until the 
rank is closed, that is, standing at shoulders' width apart. 
Front — Face ! 

Open rank., f ull distance., sidevxiys to the left — March / 
All, except right leader, take side steps to the left and 
gradually raise both arms into position outward. The 
right leader raises only his left arm, while the left leader 
raises only his right arm. The heads are turned to the 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



67 



right (excepting tlie right leader). When there is one 
inch distance between finger points of own right hand, 
and right neiglibor's left hand, each, in turn, halts. 

When all have halted the command: Arms down — • 
Place ! is given, at which all resume the f undamental 
position. 

The rank will now be standing in open order, full 
distance. 

1 2 a ^ _5_etc. 

Pis. 58 ^ 

Right — Face ! 

Close ranJc^ forioard — March / 
Front — Face ! 

ANOTHER EXERCISE. 

The class is standing in front rank. 

Attention I Count off^ from right to left ! Begin ! 

Each member in turn calls out aloud his number. In 
this case from 1 to 16. 

Open order from right to left^ one step distance., forward 
— March ! 

The right leader remains stationary, Number 2 takes 
one step forward and halts. Number 3 takes two steps 
and so on through the rank, each member taking one step 
less than indicated by his number, or one step more than 
the member at his right. 

The rank will now be standing in open order as shown 
in the following diagram. 

4- 2 ^ Fig. 59 $ 



Left about — Face ! 

Close rank., forward — March ! 

All march forward until arranged in a straight line. 



58 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE, 



Hight^ about — Face ! 

Form circle^ right and left leaders forward — March ! 

Opey% ranh^ full distance^ backward^ eyes right — March ! 

All march backward and raise both arms gradually 
into position outward, slightly turning head to the right. 
At the command: Arms dovm — Place! all resume the 
f undamental position. 

The front circle, facing inward, will now be standing 
in open order, full distance. 

Close rank^ forward — March I 

Right — Face / 

Open rank^ four steps side-right — March / 
The flank circle, facing to the right, will now be stand- 
ing in open order. 

Close ranh^ four steps side-left — March ! 
Left— Face / 

Form front ranJc^ right a)id left leader backward — 
March / 



CHANGING THE DIRECTION OF THE LINE OF 
MARCH. 

While marching in rank, the direction of the line of 
march is changed by a gradual turning of the rank at a 
given point. 

There are four such changes in ordinary tactics, viz. : 

1. An eighth turn, right or left. 

2. A quarter turn, right or left. 

3. A three-eighth turn, right or left. 

4. A half turn, right or left. 

MARCHING IN FLANK RANK. 

1. Aji eighth turn : 

Rank obliquely forward^ right (or left) — March I 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



59 



At the command March/ given just before the rank is 
to turn, the first member faces obliquely to the right (or 
left) and marches forward in the new direction. Each 
following member, in turn, faces at the same point. 

.| I .| 1 1 •! -I III 
\/ Fig, 60 

2. A quarter turn : 

Rank to the right (or left) — March ! 
At this command the rank makes a quarter turn. 
(^ I I I I I I 

Z. J Fig. 61 

3. A three-eighth turn : 

Hank obliquely backward^ right (or left) — March / 

< — «< 
c\ I I I I II 

I /. Fig. 62 

4. A half turn : 

Rank countermarch right (or left) — March / 

^ Fig. 63 
^1 I I I I I I 

Other changes in the line of march of a flank rank will 
be treated under Fancy Marching^ Part Sixth of this 
book. 



WHEELINGS. 

A wheel is a circular movement of a front or flank rank 
around any one of its members. The wheeling of a rank 
corresponds to the facing of a person. 

The member around which the wheel moves is called 
the Pivot. 



60 A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



The pivot is either Jlxed or movable. 



rig. 64 




Pig. 65 



Fixed pivot. 



Movable pivot. 



There are one-fourth, one-half, three-fourths and whole 
wheels. Also one-eighth, three-eighths or any desired 
fraction of a whole wheel. 

Wheelings in front rank are forivard a^nd backward ; in 
flank rank, sideways. 



The number of steps in a quarter wheel, forward or 
backward, around right or left pivot, is equal to the nu7n- 
ber of members in the rank. All members move in the 
same direction. 



A quarter wheel right or left around center pivot has 
one-half as many steps as there are members in the rank. 
One-half of the rank moves forward, while the other half 
moves backward. If the wheel is to revolve slower, the 
fall number of steps may be taken. 



WHEELmGS IN FRONT EANK. 



•Fig. 66 

A quarter wheel forward left. 




Fig. 67 

A quarter wheel backward left. 




•I 




Fig. 68 

A quarter wheel left around center pivot. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



61 



If the pivot be any other member than the first, last, or 
center, the number of steps is equal to the greatest num- 
ber of members moving in tlie same direction. If a rank 
of eight members describes a quarter wheel around the 
fifth member as pivot, tlie number of steps will be five 
(including the pivot). 

■fs 

•|G \ 

1 2 3 4i^5 6 .7 8 

\ -13 
•12 

Fig.^ 69 

A quarter wheel backward left arouDd fifth member. 

In wheeling, the steps of each rank member grow 
shorter from the wheeling point toward the pivot. 

The member at the wheeling point takes the regular 
step, while the pivot member takes the required number 
of steps in place. 

Alignement. — The member at the wheeling point is the 
guide. All members of the rank, including the pivot, but 
excepting the guide, cast their eyes outward toward the 
wheeling point. The guide casts his eyes in the opposite 
direction. 

But the rank is kept closed by dressing toward the pivot, 
who, of course, is stationary. 

When wheeling around any other than the two outer 
pivots, each member casts his eyes toward the opposite 
wheeling point. The rank is dressed from both ends 
toward the pivot. 

A part of a rank may face in tlie opposite direction, so 
that both divisions wheel forward, or backward around a 
common center. 

Fig. 70 

A quarter wheel (forward) left, center pivot. 



62 A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



Wheelings of the same rank, in different direction (and 
also of different points of a circle) can be combined. 

rig. 71 

WHEELINGS IN FLANK RANK. 

The wheeling's in flank rank are right or left around 
first, last, or any member of the rank. The movement is 
sideways. 

The wheelings to the right are begun with the right 
foot, those to the left with the left foot. In other respects 
they are like the wheelings in front rank. 

l/ 

Fig. 72 

A quarter wheel (sideways) right, around first member, - 
WHEELINGS. AN EXERCISE. 

For our illustration we shall suppose a class of eight 
members arranged in front rank. 

Larger classes should, for first instructions, be divided 
into equal squads of not more than eight members each. 

For example: A class of eighteen could be conve- 
niently divided into three ranks of six members each, 
and separated from from each other thus : 

—1? _ "1' » 

Pig. 73 

The divisions go through the evolutions alternately or 
simultaneously as the teacher may deem best. 

Arms crossed forward — Place / 
Mark time — March f 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



63 



A quarter loheel right ; forioard — March ! 

i. Number 1 is the pivot, number 8 the wheel- 
ing point. Guide left, dress right. The move- 
ment is forward, and eight steps are taken. 
After the one-quarter wheel has been com- 
pleted, the rank continues to mark time. 
A quarter wheel rights center pivot — March! 



Fig. 74; 



Numbers 1, 2, 8 and 4 march backward in 
a quarter circle, and numbers 5, 6, 7 and 8 
march forward in quarter circle. 

The pivot is between 4 and 5. Four regu- 
lar steps (or 8 short steps) are taken. 

A quarter wheel rights forward — March I 



Fig. '75 



V 



Fig. 76 

The rank wheels in quarter circle forward around num- 
ber 1. 

A quarter wheel rights center pivot — March ! 

Numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 move backward in 
quarter circle, and numbers 5, 6, 7 and 8 for- 
ward in quarter circle. 
This movement brings the rank back to its 
Fig'.' 77 original position. 
Glass — Halt ! 

Next, the same four evolutions to the left are taken. 
Right — Face ! 

I II I I I I -I 

'Fig. 78 

Hands on shoulders in front — Place! 
MarJc time— March / 



64 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



A halfivheel rights center pivot — March I 

The pivot is between numbers 4 and 5. Numbers 1, 
2, 3 and 4 take side-step to the right, while ^ 
numbers 5, 6, 7 and 8 take side-step to the I -I l I I -i l I 
left. On the completion of the half-wheel Fig. 79 J 
the rank will be facing in the opposite direction. 

A quarter wheel rights around last — March ! 



8 1 

+ i- I- I- I- I- I- I- 




j- Fig. 80 

1 



All take side-step in quarter circle to the right, No. 8 
being the pivot. 

A quarter wheel rights around first — March! 

s 

I ^ 

I I I I I .|8 

Fig. 81 

All take side-step in quarter circle to the right, No. 1 
being the pivot. 

Arms down — Place ! 
Backward — March / 
Class — Halt / 



CHANGING AND RE-FORMING THE RANK. 

The ways in which a rank can change its form and 
position are so numerous that it is impossible to explain 
in detail and illustrate all of them in this volume. It is 
doubtful, too, if the Public School teacher would find the 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



65 



necessary time to teach all of the complicated processes 
of re-forming ranks. 

Those teachers who wish to make a more extended 
study of Tactics we refer to the book of Wm. Stecher 
(St. Louis), which is a complete manual of the theory of 
Tactics. 



CHANGING FROM A FLANK RANK TO A FRONT RANK BY 
OBLIQUING. 



Supposing a class of eight members to be arranged in a 
flank rank, the command is given : 

Form in front rank^ left oblique^ or right oblique — 
March ! 

1 g, At the command march^ all but the 

^J/'/'yl/j/J/' first face obliquely to the left, and march 
obliquely forward to their respective 
places in the rank at the left of the 
Pig. 82 first. 

Each member takes as many steps as 
8"' indicated by the number of his place in 

the rank. In this case No. 8 takes eight steps. 

CHANGING FROM A FRONT RANK TO A FLANK RANK BY 
OBLIQUING. 

From the above front rank a flank rank can be formed 
in front of No. 1, or No. 8. 
Command : 

Form in flank rank., left oblique {or right oblique) — ■ 
March f 



66 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



CHANGING A FLANK RANK TO A FEONT EANK BY CIRCLING. 

Command : 

Form in front rank^ at the right {or left) of the first., 
circling right (or left) — March ! 

^^^'-r\-is the command march all face 

/'^-''','^ obliquely to the left and circle 

''/V '''"T^ ^. around the first to the risjht. As 

/ / / / / each member arrives in the line of 

It'll,' /-'-T^ 

' I i 1 ! I l j } ] j } ■ I front rank at the right of the 
\ \ \ \ V ^-'llV- V / / / 1 first, he faces about to the right 
W\''^>-l~"'Jl-^x^V'/ and halts in his place in the rank. 
-S^ZZ'^-^^ y The evolution requires three-quar- 

ters of a circle. The number of 

steps taken is three times the number of rank members 
= 24 steps. 

CHANGING A FRONT RANK TO A FLANK RANK BY CIRCLING. 

Command : 

Form in flank rank., in the rear of the first (or last), 
circling left (or right) — March ! 

,-'-;.-!= 

This evolution is exactly the /z'^-''' \ 
reverse of the above. 1 Fig. 85 

The number of steps for a half / / / / /''•\ 
circle is twice the number of j ; > I ; [ \^ \^ \yWh\<^h\<^h 
rank members. For a whole \\'\'\\^^^Zl^^y / J ; i 1 
circle four times the number of \ \ V^^-."!; ---!^^^''/''/ 
rank members. 'vN.^"" ''^^Z 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



67 



THE BODY OF RANKS. 

(Read carefully Page 16.) 
FORMATION OF THE LINE. 

Xme in Front. — When two or more front ranks are 
placed side by side, they are said to be in a line in front. 

Supposing a class of 16 pupils to be standing in fi'ont 
rank, a line in front can be formed by counting off, from 
right to left, or left to right, the number each rank is to 
contain. 

If it be intended to divide the rank into four ranks of 
four members each, the pupil counts off by fours. 

The pupils are now no longer considered as one rank of 
16 members, but as four distinct front ranks of four mem- 
bers each. 

Pig. 86 

1 2 3 42.1.£_i_i_^£. i_ i_ 2_ 3 4 

V ' 

Line in Flank. — The line inflanh is formed by placing 
two or more flank ranks behind each other. 

To change the above line in front to a line in flank ^ the 
command right or left face is given. 

Fig. 87' 

12 3412 3 4 12 341 234 

I. II in IV 

FORMATION OF THE COLUMN. 

Column in Front. — A column in front is formed by 
placing two or more front ranks behind each other. 
5 



68 ^ SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 

A front rank can be transformed into a column in front, 
by a quarter wheel of each two or more members of the 
rank. The wheel may be executed forward, or backward 
on the right, left, or center pivot. 

If a front rank of 16 members is to be changed into a 
column in front composed of front ranks of four members 
each, the command is given : 

JBy fours^ quarter wheel rights forward — March ! 

Number 1 is the pivot, and four steps are taken. 

. Fig. 88 

A flanJc rank can be changed into a column in front by 
forming twoes, or more, by stepping obliquely forward or 
backward to the right, or left. 

If, for example, a flank rank of 16 pupils is to be 
changed to a column in front, composed of front ranks of 
four members each, the following command is given : 

£y fours^ form front rank^ obliquely forward^ left {or 
right) — March ! 

12 3 4'1 234 1234123* 
•I I I I 11 I I I I I I I l-j I 

Fig. 89 

When a flank rank, or a line in flank, is on a march, 
the rank, or the line, can be changed to a column in front, 
by twoes, or more, successively facing to the right, or left. 

Supposing a flank rank of 16 members to be on a march, 
(forward) and it should be the intention of the teacher to 
form a column in front, without stopping the forward 
movement, the following command would be given : 

First four (less or more) left (or right) — Face! 

At the command /ace, the first four of the approach- 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 69 



ing rank face to the left and march forward abreast of 
each other, at a right angle to the original direction. 



V|' Fig. 90 

Column in flanh. 

A front rank^ or line in front, is changed to a column 
in flank, by stepping obliquely right, or left, to the front, 
or to the rear. 

To change, for example, a front rank of 16 members to 
a column in flank, composed of flank ranks of four mem- 
bers each, the command is given : 

Form fours^ in front (or rear)^ to the right (or left) — 
March ! 

Fig. 91 



^ _2__3__4__1_ _2_ _3_ 4__1_ 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 




This column has flank ranks and front files. 

A flank rank., or a line in flank, can be changed to a 
column in flank by quarter wheels sideways, right or 
left. 

To change, for example, a flank rank of 16 members 
to a column in flank, composed of flank ranks of four 
members each, the command is given. 

By four s.^ quarter wheel sideioays left (or right)., around 
first (last, or center., etc.) — March ! 

Fig. 92 _ 

12 3 4 1234 1234^234 

rJ- i I I i I I 4 -1 I I + 11 I 



70 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE, 



OPEN AND CLOSE ORDER. 

The normal distance between any two ranks of a 
column, is equal to as many steps as there are members 
in each rank. 

If this distance is greater the column is said to be in 
open order ; if it is less, in close order. 

Front Column. — The ranks of a front column are opened 
or closed forward or backward. 

files are opened or closed, sideways, right or left. 
To close the ranks the command is given : 
jRcmJcSy close order., tvio (or more) steijs^ forward {or hack- 
ward) — March ! 
rig. 93 

—---4th Rank Rank 1 remains stationary. 

3rd eank " 2 takes two steps forward. 

. ' ' ' ' - " 3 " four " " 

" 4 " six " « 



^_.__2nd Bank 
.__lsx EanK 



Fig. 94. 

-4 



Close order. 



To open the ranks again, the command is given : 
Ranks^ open order., two steps., forward (or backward) — 
March ! 

Rank 4 remains stationary. 
" 3 takes two steps forward. 
« 2 " four " " 
" 1 " two " " 
To open the ranks to a greater than the normal dis- 
tance, the command is given : 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 7] 

Hanks, open order tvDO {or more) steps, forward {or back- 
ward) — March ! 

Rank 4 remains stationary. 
" 3 takes two steps forward. 
" 2 " four " " 

a 1 u six " " 

To open the files of a front column, the command is 
given : 

Open files two {or more) steps, sideways, from the center 
{right or left), outward — March ! 
Fig. 95 

File 4 takes four side-steps to the left. 
" 3 " two " " " " 
" 1 " four " " " right. 
" 2 " two " " " " 



12 3 4 

.Files 

All files can close to the right, or to the _ ^ 
left; or all towards the center. i 

Also, any two (or more) files may be closed _^ _ 
while others remain open. 

Flank Column. — The ranks are opened and closed side- 
ways, while the files are opened and closed forward, or 
backward. 

MARCHma OF A BODY OF RANKS. 

The Column. — A column can march forward, backward, 
sideways right and left, obliquely forward right and left, 
and obliquely backward right and left. 

The greatest difficulty in marching in column is to keep 
the ranks properly spaced. 

The Line. — A body formed in line can also march in all 
of the directions under : marching in column. 

The greatest difficulty in marching in line is to keep the 
line correctly aligned. 



72 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



CHANGE OF DIRECTION. 

A body marching in column, or line, can change the 
direction of its march by an ^, ^, f or ^ turn right, or left. 

The Column. We shall illustrate with a front column 
composed of ranks of tioos. 

Fig. 97 

•I I i I 
^>.l I 1 I 

Eighth turn. 

Command : 

Column obliquely forward^ left {or right) — Ma/rch! 

fig. 98 
,-•1 I I I 
' '3 \ I I 



Quarter turn. 

Command : 



Column left {or right) — March 



Tig. 99 

tn / / 

Three-eighth turn. 

Command : 

Column obliquely backward^ left {or right) — March } 

• . Pig. 100 

'I I I I I 
I r\ I I I I 

I- I- I- 

Half turn. 

Command : 

Column counter-march left {or right) — March / 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



73 



The files of a front column, marching in open order, 
can change the direction of their lines of march as shown 
in the following diagram : 



Pig. 101 



u n r r 



Eighth turn 
inward. 



Eighth turn 
outward. 



Quarter turn 
outward. 



Quarter turn 
inward. 



Three-eighth 
turn inward. 



Three-eighth 
turn outward. 



Half turn 
outward. 



Half turn 
inward. 



Commands : 
Files obliquely forward, inward (or outward) 1 

« " backward " ( " " ) \ m h / 
" right and left " (" " ^y—Marc/i/ 

" counter-march " ( " ) j 



WHEELINGS OF A BODY. 

The wheeling of a column is so seldom resorted to, that 
we can easily omit it here. 

The wheeling of a line in front and in flank does not 
practically differ in anything from that of a rank. (See 
wheelings of the rank.) 

EXAMPLE. 

jl 234-5 678^_l.^Li.~.H.— 

^ * Fig. 102 ^ ^ 

The above is a line in front, composed of two front 
ranks of eight members each. 



74 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



The command for a half wheel around center pivot (be- 
tween members 8 I. and 1 II.) would be : 

Xme, half loheel right, center pivot — March ! 
Execution : 

Rank 1 would march in a half circle backward around 
No. 8, while Rank II. would march in a half circle for- 
ward around No. 1, There are 16 steps in the half wheel, 

WHEELINGS OF THE RANKS OF A BODY. 

The wheeling of a rank has already been explained. 
The several ranks of a body can wheel simultaneously, or 
successively, in the same, or in different directions. 

The wheelings can be started when the body is at a 
halt, or on a march, or while marking time. 

The Column. 

For our illustration we shall suppose a column of four 
front ranks. 





Fig. 103 




•h 


•1 1 


1 


•12 

•|3 


•1 -1 
•1 1 


1 
1 




•1 1 


1 


I. 


II. m. 


IV. 



The ranks of this column can wheel ^ or whole 
wheel.) 

1. Forward, around right pivot. - 

2. " " left " 

3. Backward, " " " 

4. " • " right " 

5. Forward right, around center pivot. 

6. " left, " " " 
Command •, 

Ranks., quarter {half or lohole) wheel forward, right {left 
or center) pivot — March ! 

The four ranks can perform different wheels at the same 
time. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTUBE. 



75 



Ranks I. and II. can, for example, wheel forward left, 
and ranks III. and IV. forward right. 



EXAMPLE, 

Fig, 104 

M j 
12 / I I 

|3 .| I 



u lu 



EXECUTION. 



1 2 3 4 1 2 3 
m TV 



I U 

When the column is at a halt, ranks I. and II. can be 
made to face ranks III. and IV. From this formation the 
ranks can be made to wheel in different ways. 

EXAMPLE. 

Fig. 105 

Boys Girls 

I, 'n m: IV 

Command : 

Banks, quarter wheel forioard, center pivot, ranks L and 
II. right, ranks III. and IV. left — March / 

The Line. 

EXECUTION". 
^OYS Girls 



1/ 



EXAMPLE I. 
II in 

! Fig. loe h 

I I' 




76 A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 

Ranks I. and II. as first half of the line, quarter wheel 
right ; Ranks III. and lY., as second half of the line, quar- 
ter wheel left. Fig. 106. 

EXAMPLE 2. 

^ Fig.^107 Rank III., right - about — 

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 UI IV ' & 



i" ••li' J 2341 234 



Face! Fig. 107 A. 



Rank I. ^ wheel forward right, center pivot. 
" IV. i " " left, " « 
" II. I " " « left " 

u JJJ^ X u li ii a u 



EXECUTION. 



•I ' 
•lui 



1 • ^ 



I- 

i \ 



TRANSFORMATION OP A BODY. 



Changing a Line to a Column. — The change can be 
made when the body is at a halt, or on a march, or while 
it is marking time. 

I. By wheeling of the ranks. 

EXAMPLE, 
Fig. 108 

I n. m rv 

II. By forming of the rank members. 

EXAMPLE. 
I V II ™ rv 

I I I I I i I I I I I I iT-ri 

Fig. 109 

Changing a Column to a Line. — The change can be 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



77 



made while the body is marching, or marking time, or 
when at a halt 

I. £1/ a icheel 0/ the ranks. 



EXAMPLE. 



/:|/:!/ :|/: 



> — 



I 11" ■ ■ m ■ ■ ■ 
Fig. 110 



II. By forming of the rank members. 



EXAMPLE. 

ffignii^ 



iV 



I III III I I II I in 

' I 11 III IV ^ 



III. By obliquing of the ranks. 
At the command 



EXAMPLE. 



march, all rank members, except those 
of the first rank, face obliquely to the 
left, and march forward into the line 
and face front. Fig. 112. 

There are many different modes of 
formings by ranks and by rank mem- 
bers, all of which, except those given 
here, are more or less complicated. 
As these complicated tactic evolutions 
of the body and the colonnade would 
be used in the public schools only in 
a few exceptional cases, they are 
omitted in this volume, in order to 
make room for other exercises that will be of more im- 
mediate use to the teachers. 

Those teachers who wish to make a special study of 
difficult tactic exercises we again refer to the theoretical 
work of Wm. Stecher, 




78 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



ASCENDING AND DESCENDING STAIRS. 



Whenever the pupils of a school pass into or out of the 
building they should walk correctly and naturally. All 
should keep step and time and move in straight ranks. 

In ascending and descending a stairs, the body of ranks 
should move as one person, and there should be no break 
in the step or time, and the ranks should always be kept 
perfectly aligned. 

ASCENDING THE STAIRS. 

In ascending a stairs, the ball of the advancing foot is 
placed upon the next higher step, the knee bending. 
During the movement of the advancing foot, the weight 
of the body is retained on the rear foot. The instant 
after the ball of the stepping foot has touched the step, 
the heel is lowered. The body is then lifted up and the 
weight thrown upon the advanced foot, the knee straight- 
ening. 

At the same time the rear foot is moved to the next 
higher step (above the advanced foot), and brought down 
as just explained. During these movements of the limbs, 
in lifting and propelling the body up the stairs, the body 
should be kept passive and perfectly straight and still. 

DESCENDING THE STAIRS. 

In descending a stairs the same principle is applied, 
only that all the movements are taken reversely. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 79 

The body sinks down in the rear knee, and the ball of 
the stepping foot is placed upon the next lower step. 
The knee of the advancing limb is straight, and the weight 
of the body is retained over the rear, bent knee. Imme- 
diately upon the ball of the stepping foot touching the 
step, the heel is lowered and the body is moved slightly 
forward and the weight thrown fully upon the advanced, 
straight knee. 

The rear foot is then moved forward and the next step 
taken as just described. The body is kept straight and 
still and the head erect. 

All should take the first step, down or up, with the left 
foot. 



PART SECOND. 



RUNNING AND HOPPING. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



83 



RUNNING AND HOPPING. 



RUXNIXG IN EANK. 

Marching in different degrees of speed. 

The usual rate of speed is aboufc 110 steps per minute. 
This is common time. 

The rate slower than common time has 60 steps to the 
minute and is called sloio time. 

The next faster speed than common time has about 130 
steps per minute and is called quick time. 

The next faster speed to quick time is double-quick 
time, it has about 140 steps per minute. 

The speed following double-quick time is running, with 
about 150 steps per minute. 

The running movement can be taken slower than the 
ordinary run, and a greater speed than 150 steps per 
minute, is called racing, the speed depending upon the 
individual effort. 

There should be a clear distinction made between walk- 
ing and marching^ and between toalking and running. 

In marching the same attitude of the body must be 
preserved throughout, and the rate of speed and the length 
of step must also be uniformly equal. The body con- 
tinually retains its upright position. 

In walking^ the person is not bound to any particular 
position, and is at liberty to express, in the carriage of 
the body, his individuality. He may vary the speed or 
change the step at any time. 

The body inclines to the front and, as the rate of speed 
is increased, the inclination becomes greater in proportion. 





84 ^ SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



Rtimiing is different from either walking or marching. 
In walking, and in marching, the body rests either upon 
the right or left foot ; while in running there is, after 
each step, a moment wlien both feet are clear off the floor. 
Running resembles a succession of leaps. 

EXERCISES. 

For the first lessons in teaching the running step, it is 
best to arrange the class in one flank rank and direct it 
to march in a large, open square around the room. The 
class should learn to change from one degree of speed to 
another, without any break in the step. 

The following lesson will illustrate this, and at the 
same time give the commands that are to be used. Be- 
tween two commands, at least a moment's time should 
elapse. 

Pig. 113 ^ 

Attention ! Right — Face ! 

Forward^ common time^ in a square around the room 
{hall)— March ! 
Slow step — March! 

The command March is invariably given when the right 
foot is advanced. The new speed is then begun with the 
next left step. 

Common time — March ! 

Fists at sides — Place ! 

Quick step — March! 

Douhle-quicTc step — March ! 

Running step — March ! 

A short, regular step should be taken. At each step 
the body is made to spring up lightly from the soles of the 
feet. The heels remain raised throughout the running 
movement, and the limbs are alw^ays more or less bent. 
The toes are turned well out, The knees should bend 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



85 



elastictilly in the descent of the body. The body should 
be kept perfectly still. 

Double-quick step — March ! 

The heels now strike the floor first. 

Quick ste]} — 3£arch ! 

Common time — March! 

Arms doim — Place ! ^ 

Attention— Halt ! 

Front — Face ! 

The class is now in the same position it w^as in at the 
beginning of the lesson. 

The class should be drilled to halt promptly after each 
kind of step, with the possible exception of the running 
step. It is not advisable to stop suddenly after so violent 
an exercise as running. 

The command Halt is given upon the left foot, at which 
the movement is stopped and the heels closed, by bring- 
ing up the right foot. 

In subsequent lessons running in other rank forms 
should be taken up. For example, in : 

1. Front rank. 

2. In column of front ranks. 

3. In a flank circle. 

4. In the spiral, etc., etc. (See Fancy Marches.) 
Beginners may be allowed to run three minutes at a 

time. Pupils with weak lungs should be permitted to 
step out of the ranks at any time. 

HOPPING IN RANK. 

Hopping is a succession of small jumps. The body is 
made to bound upward by pressing the feet from the 
ground. Just before the upward spring, the knees are 
slightly bent and the heels raised, the whole weight of 
the body resting on the balls of the feet. The heels re- 
main closed, the toes apart. When the body bounds up- 
ward, the knees straightexx and close quickly, as do also 



86 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



the feet. When the body alights, the balls of the feet 
touch the ground first, the toes separating. Immediately 
upon tlie toes touching the ground, the body sinks down 
in the knees, so as not to jar the body. The heels remain 
raised. A succession of hops has, therefore, two general 
movements : the upward and the downward movement. 

A single hop has four distinct movements, and these 
should be practiced first. The four movements are: 

First— The slight downward movement of the body, at 
the same time bending the knees slightly and raising the 
heels. 

Second — The upward spring of the body, at tlie same 
time straightening and closing the knees and the feet. 

Third — The descent of the body, at the same time bend- 
ing and opening the knees, and opening tlie toes (heels 
are raised). 

, Fourth — The slight upward movement of the body, at 
the same time straightening and closing the knees and 
lowering the heels. 

Hopping can be executed on : 

1. The right foot alone. 

2. The left foot alone. 

3. Right and left foot alternately. 

4. Both feet simultaneously. 
In regard to direction, the hop may be : 

1. In place. 

2. Forward. 

3. Backward. 

4. Sideways, right and left. 

With reference to those who are exercising the hopping 
may be done : 

1. Singly, without regard to rank. 

2. In front rank. 

3. In flank rank. 

4. In front or flank circle, square, pyramid, etc. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



87 



HOPPING ON BOTH FEET. IN FLANK RANK. 

Hopping is a good exercise, but it must not be pro- 
longed until exhaustion sets in. The exercise develops 
chiefly the lower limbs, but also acts upon the lungs and 
the heart, increasing their activity. 

The class is arranged in closed flank rank, ^. e., one 
standing behind the other at shoulder's width apart. The 
command is then given : 

Hands on shoulders in front — Place I 

The right hand is placed upon the right shoulder, the - 
left hand upon the left shoulder of the pupil in front. 
The arms are slightly bent. The leader places his hands 
upon his hips. 

Then at the command : 

Forward — Hop / 

All hop forward on both feet, as already described, keep- 
ing time, i. e., all feet quitting and touching the ground in 
perfect unison. 

To halt the class, the command : Attention — Halt ! is 
given, whereupon all come to a standstill. Then the 
command: Arms down — P/^ce / at which the arms are 
lowered to the sides. 

After a hopping exercise the pupils should walk in 
common time for a minute or two. 

Hopping in other rank formations and with other rank 
connections should be practiced in order to give variety to 
this most excellent exercise. 



^ f, % 



1 



4 



POSITIONS OF THE ARMS. 



PART TfflRD. 



POSITIONS OF THE ABMS AND FEET. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



POSITIONS OF THE ARMS AND FEET. 



POSITIONS OF THE ARMS. 

Arms folded backward — Place ! 

At the command " place," all fold the arms on the back 
quickly and energetically. The arms are folded close and 
tight, the hands remaining open, palms turned outward. 
The right hand is placed over the left upper arm, the left 
hand under the right upper arm, near the elbow. 

In position — Stand / 

At the command " stand," the arms are lowered quickly 
and energetically into the fundamental position. Con- 
trolling those muscles not used is as important as con- 
trolling those being moved. For example : While the 
arms are being folded or lowered, the head, neck, shoul- 
ders, and chest should be held perfectly still. The muscles 
of the face, too, are to be kept steady. 

Arms folded forioard — Place ! 

In folding the arms on the chest, the hands are closed 
and placed under the upper arms. The right arm is placed 
over the left. 

Arms down — Place ! 

This command is a substitute for " In position — Stand." 
It means to lower the arms to the fundamental position. 
When lowering the arms, the hands are opened. 

Hands on hips — Place! (Fig. 1.) 

The hands are placed upon the hips so that the thumbs 
meet in the back. The fingers are closed, straight, and 
turned to the front. 

Arms down — Place! 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



98 



The arms are lowered to the sides. 

Hands over shoulders — Place / (Fig. 2.) 

The hands are placed drooping loosely over the shoul- 
ders, nearly touching them. The upper arms are horizon- 
tal and parallel with the floor. The elbows are directly 
outward from, and on a level with the shoulders. The 
hands are raised upward in front, close to the body. 

Arms dovm — Place ! 

Hands over head — Place I (Fig. 3.) 

The hands are placed drooping over the head, the fin- 
gers nearly touching it ; the palms of the hands are 
turned toward the head. The knuckles, the wrists, and 
the elbows should form a graceful curve. The arms are 
raised as in hands over shoulders. 

Arms down — Place I 

The arms are lowered as they were raised. 
Fists at sides — Place ! (Fig. 4.) 

The fists are clenched and placed at the sides of the 
body, over the hips. The knuckles are turned downward 
and the elbows forced backward as far as possible. The 
forearms are horizontal and parallel. 

Arms down — Place I 

The arms are lowered to the sides (the hands open). 

Arms in horizontal position forward — Place! (Fig. 5.) 

The arms are raised forward to a level with the shoul- 
ders. The arms are parallel and horizontal. The palms 
of the hands are turned downward. The thumbs are 
placed beside the fingers. The arms are held perfectly 
straight and stiff. 

Arms down — Place! 

The arms are lowered quickly, but quietly. 

Arms in horizontal position outward — Place! (Fig. 6.) 

The right arm is raised sideways to the right, the left 
arm sideways to the left, to a level with the shoulders. 
The arms are horizontal and parallel with the floor. 



94 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



Thumbs beside the fingers. The palms of the hands are 
turned downward. 

Arms d 01071 — Place I 

The arms are lowered quietly. 

Arms in vertical position upward^ raised forwardly {or 
outwardly) — Place I (Fig. 7.) 

The arms are raised through the forward (or outward) 
position and placed vertically and parallel over-head. The 
palms are turned forward. 

Arms down., lowered forwardly (or outwardly) — Place ! 

The arms are lowered through the forward (or outward) 
position into the fundamental position. 

Arms in oblique position downward — Place / (Fig. 8.) 

The right arm is placed midway between vertical 
downward and horizontal side-right ; the left arm is 
placed midway between vertical downward and horizontal 
side-left. Both palms are turned backward. The move- 
ments of the arms are simultaneous. 

Arms down — Place / 

Arms in oblique position upward — Place/ (Fig. 9.) 

The right arm is placed midway between vertical up- 
ward and horizontal side-right; the left arm is placed 
midway between vertical upward and horizontal side-left ; 
both palms are turned forward. 

Arms down — Place ! 

Arms in slant position downward — Place ! (Fig. 10.) 

The arms are placed midway between the positions for- 
ward and downward. Palms turned downward. The 
arms are parallel. 

Arms down — Place ! 

Arms in sla/nt position upioard — Place ! (Fig. 3.) 

The arms are placed midway between the positions up- 
ward and forward. The arms are parallel and slant up- 
ward. The palms are turned downward. 

Arms down — Place I 




POSITIONS OF THE FEET. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 97 



STEP-POSITIOXS. 

Direct step-positions. 

\. Right foot in step-position foricard — Place I 
The weight of the body is thrown (invisibly) upon 
, tlie left foot, and the right foot moved forward 
into the step-position. The heel of the stepping 
foot is raised and the toe depressed, which, turned 
well outward, touches the floor. Both knees are 
straight. During the movement of the foot the 
body is kept still and straight. (Fig. 1). 
Heels closed — Place I 

The right foot is brought back, the heels closed, and 
the weight of the body thrown (invisibly) over both 
feet. 

When these two movements are to be taken as a con- 
tinuous exercise, the command is given : 

Step position forioard right., in two counts — Begin! 

The two movements are then continued indefinitely, 
until the command of discontinuance, " stop," is given. 

2. Left foot in step-p)Osition fornmrd. 

3. Right foot in step-position sideways. 

The foot is moved directly sideways, and the 
toe is turned outward as far as possible. The 
foot, inclined to the front, rests on its inner Sideways 
edge. (Fig. 5). 

4. Left foot in step-pjosition sideways. 

5. Right foot in step-position bachvmrd. 

Cx The toe is turned back as far as possible, and 

t ^1 the heel well to the front. The foot rests on the 
V 



foremost inner edge of the foot. The leg is 
Backward slightly turned (twisted) outward, and the knee 
is gracefully bent. 

6. Left foot in step-p>ositioii hacl'ward. (Fig. 3). 
Oblique step-positions. ^ , 

1. Right foot in oblique step-position forward, (j \! 
Midway between forward and sideways . (Fig. 4) . 



98 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



2. Xeft foot in oblique stejJ-position forward. 
Cx , Bight foot in oblique step-position backioard. 
\ yii Midway between backward and sideways. 
^Uv^ (Fig. 2). 

backwIbd -4. Left foot in oblique step-position back- 
ward. 

Cross-step positions. 

1. JRiglit foot in cross- step position forward. 
Tlie right foot is placed in front of the left foot, 

crossing the line upon which the heels are stand- 
ing. Tlie toe is turned to the left, the foremost 
part of the ball touching the floor. The heel is 
turned well forward. (Fig. 7.) 

FORWABD 

2. Left foot in cross-step p>osition forward. 

3. Might foot in cross-step position backward. 
The foot crosses the line in back of the lieels. 

The toe is turned backward, and the foot rests 
on the foremost part of the ball. The knee is 



Cross , slio^lltlv bcut. (Fig. 6.) 
Backward ? -r- „ ^ . . . -, -, 

I 4. Left foot in cross-step j^osition backicard. 

(Fig. 6). 

Balan ce step-positions. 

When in any of the step-positions the stepping foot is 
not placed upon the floor, but a few inches from the floor, 
and the entire body balanced on the standing foot, the 
step-position is called : balance step-position. 

Step-position., bending both knees. 

1. Step-position forward rights bending {both) knees., in 
tiDO counts — Begin / 

First Count. While the foot is being placed in the step- 
position forward, the body sinks down in both knees. 
The knees are but slightly bent. During the bending of 
the knees, the heel of the stepping foot is moved more to 
the front, and the foot comes to rest on the ball. The 
body is kept erect and still. 



A SYSTE3r OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



99 



Second Count. The knees are straightened and the 
heels closed. 

2. Step-position forward left, bending (both) knees, 

3. Step- position backward right, bending (both) knees. 

4. Step-position backward left, bending (both) knees. 

5. Cross step-position forward right, bending (both) 
knees. 

6. Cross step-position forward left, bending (both) 
knees. 

7. Cross step-position backward right, bending (both) 
knees. 

8. Cross step-position backward left, bending (both) 
knees. 

tS)tepposition., bending one l^nee. 

This movement is called longe-reverse. 

Direct. 

1. Longe-reverse forward riglit^ in tioo counts — Begin! 

First Count. The body sinks down in the left knee, 
and the right foot is placed in step-position forward, but 
farther forward than in the ordinary step-position, be- 
cause of the bending of the knee. The body is held erect 
and still. 

Second Count. The knee is straightened and the heels 
closed. (Fig. 11). 

2. Longe-reverse forward left. 
3 and 4. " " sideways right and left. 

5 and 6. " " backward " " " 

Ohlic[ue. 

1 and 2. Oblique longe-reverse forward right and left. 
3 and 4. " " " backward " " " 
Cross. 

1 and 2. - Cross longe-reverse forward right and left. 
3 and 4. " " " backward " " " 
Bcdance. 

All of the longe-reverses can be changed to hcdance 



100 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



longe-re verses by raising the stepping foot from the floor. 
The body is balanced over the bent knee. 

In all the step-positions the arms may be kept in the 
fundamental position, or the hands may be placed on hips, 
the arms folded backward, etc. 

A light tap may be substituted for the command, 
" place." 

THE LOi^GE (lunge) MOVEMENT. 

1. Longe forward^ rights in tioo counts — Begin! 

One. — The right foot is advanced directly forward, the 
step being about again as long as that of step-position or 
a natural step. The whole foot is placed on the floor, 
silently. The right knee bends quickly, but gradually. 
The trunk, held erect on the hips, is carried forward. 
The left foot is not moved from the floor, and the left knee 
is kept straight and rigid. The whole weight of the body 
is over the right foot. The lower right leg and the ex- 
tended left leg are parallel. All the movements described 
are taken simultaneously. Tico. — The body recovers to 
the upright position and the heels are closed. (Fig. 8.) 

The other longes are : 

2. Forward left. 

3. Sideways right. (Fig. 9.) 

4. « left. 

5. Backward right. (Fig. 10.) 

6. " left. 

7-8. Oblique forward^ right and left. 

9-10. " backward, " " " 
11-12. Cross, forvmrd " " " 
13-14. " backward, " " " 

RAISING HEELS. 

On toes., 

1. On toes — Stand/ 

Both heels are raised as high as possible, and the body 
balanced on the toes. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. loj 
.Heels down — Place ! 

2. Raise (both) heels, i)i ttoo counts — Begin/ 
The above two movements repeated as a continuous 
exercise. The movement is taken in common time. 
1. Sound heels, four times, in four counts — BegbiJ 
Raising and lov^^ering heels, in quick succession, four 
times. The count or tap is given when the heels are low- 
ered, and lightly sounded when they touch the floor. 

BENDING KNEES. 

Bend knees, in two counts- — Begin I 

First Count. The body sinks down in both knees. The 
feet remain flat on the floor and the heels closed. The 
knees open and bend obliquely outward. The body is held 
erect and still. 

Second Count. The knees are straightened. 



PART FOURTH. 



MARCHING WITH FREE GYMI^ASTICS. 



104 ^ ^SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



MARCHING WITH FREE GYMNASTICS. 



TAKING POSITIONS OF THE ARMS WHILE MARCHING. 

The command of execution, "Place" (a tap may be 
given instead), is given as the rank steps with the right 
foot. The position is then taken by tlie pupils at the fol- 
lowing left step. In other words, all positions are taken 
and movements begun at the left step, while the com- 
mand of execution is given on the preceding riglit step. 
The movement of the arms must not interfere with the 
movement of the feet. 

The class is arranged in one flank rank, and is directed 
to march around the room in a square. 

J^ositio)is. 

1. Hands on hi2)s. — Place ! 

2. Arms in oblique position downward. 

3. Hands over shoulders. 

4. Arms in slant position upward. 

5. Arms folded backward. 

6. Arms in slant position downward. 

7. Hands over head. 

8. Arms in oblique position upward. 

9. Arms in position forward. 

10. Arms in position outward. 

11. Arms down. 

A short space of time should intervene between two 
commands. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



105 



POSITIONS OF THE ARMS TAKEN BY TWO FLANK RANKS. 



The rank marches down the middle of the room, and at 
B (Fig. 114) the members separate, going right and left 
alternately, thus forming two flank ranks. 

At A they march down the middle of the room in two 
open ranks. 

During the following exercises the class remains in two 
flank ranks, marching in two oblong squares, meeting at 
A and separating at B. 

Positions. 

The following positions of the arms are taken by the 
members of both ranks when they arrive at A, and the 
arms are lowered again when they reach B. The next 
position is announced when the leaders are marching to- 
wards C and D. ' (Fig. 114.) 

1. Arms in position forward. 

2. Inner arms in oblique position upward, outer arms 
in position outward. 

3. Inner hands over head, outer arms in oblique posi- 
tion upward. 

4. Inner hands on hips, outer hands over head. 

5. The bridge. The leaders halt at A, face each other, 
and place inner arms in oblique position upward, joining 
inner hands. 

The second two pass under the arcA, halt at the side 
and in front of the first two, and form a similar arch. 

Each two, in turn, pass under all the arches that have 
been formed, and, in turn, form an arch in front of the 
other. 




-Fig. 114: 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



When all the arches of the bridge have been formed, 
the leaders lower arms and march throngli under the 
bridge, and at B separate as before and form two ranks. 

Each last two in turn follow those that passed under 
the bridge before them, all separating afc B. 

At A, when the exercise is to be closed, the two ranks 
form one rank, and march down the middle in one flank 
rank. 

ARM AND FOOT EXERCISES AVHILE MARCHING. 

The class is arranged in one flank rank, and directed 
to march around the room in a square. 
Hands on hips — Place! 

1. Straighten arms down\vard, two movements, four 
counts — Begin I 

At the first left ste]3 after tlie command begin^ the arms 
are placed in position downward. At the next right step, 
the arms are held in position downv^^ard. 

At the next left step, the hands are placed on the hips. 
At the next right step, the hands are held on hips. 

In otlier words, at each left step the arms are moved, 
and at each right step they are held still in the position. 

The command to discontinue the gymnastic exercise is : 
Stop I To discontinue the march : Halt ! 

2. Straighten arms downward, two movements, two 
counts. 

One arm movement to each step. 

3. Arms in position downward — in position forward — 
hands over head, and hands on hips — in four counts. 

One movement to each step. 

4. Follow step left and right, and raise heels twice — in 
eight counts. (Page 110.) 

To resume the march the command is given : Common 
step — 3Iarcli ! 

5. Four common steps — and straighten arms downward 
and forward — in eight counts. 



A SYSTEM OP PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



107 



6. Step-position forward left and right, and four com- 
mon steps — in eight counts. 

Arms doion — Place ! 

7. Eight common steps — arms in position forward — clap 
hands — arms in position upward — clap hands — hands over 
head — over shoulders — on hips — and arms down — in 16 
counts. 

8. On toes — March! ■ 
Common step — March I 

9. On heels— March I 
Common step — March I 

10. On toes and heels alternately, in four counts — March I 
1-2, on toes : 3-4, on heels. 

Common step — March ! 



PAET FIFTH. 



FAJI^CY STEPS. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. Ill 



FANCY STEPS. 



For fancy steps, the class can be arranged in : 
1. A front rank. 
2. A flank rank. 

3. Two front ranks, facing each other. 
4. A column of front ranks. 
5. A flank circle. 

6. A front circle. 

7. An open square, etc., etc. 
For the first lessons in fancy steps, it is advisable to 
arrange the class in one flank rank, the pupils taking the 
steps by word of command and according to count, as the 
rank moves in a large open square around the room or 
hall. 

The arms may be held in the fundamental position or 
the hands placed on hips, or in some other position. 

If a large hall or a long corridor is at the disposal of 
the teacher, the class may also be conveniently and ad- 
vantageously arranged in a column of front ranks. 

The column is placed at one end of the hall in close 
order. 

Each rank in turn, at regular intervals of, say eight 
counts, begins the step, and continues until it arrives at 
the other end of the hall, where it halts, standing in close 
order as in the start. 

The body is then faced about and the exercise repeated. 

The following will serve as an illustration ; 



112 A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE, 



STARTING POSITION. 

I I I I- 

I- I- I- I , 

-I- I I I Fig. 115' 

lYlUU t 

Arms crossed forward — Place . 

Folloio step^ forward^ left and rights in four counts (to the 
opposite side of the hcdl, each rank heginjiing eight counts 
later than the one in front of it) — Begin I 

The explanatory part of the command given m paren- 
thesis need be given but once. 

MOVEMENT. 

I I I 4. 



ivmii 1. 

Right about — Face ! 

During the turn the pupils let go of hands, but imme- 
diately cross the arms upon the completion of the turn. 

The column is then directed to move in the same, or 
some other step, back to the starting position, in the man- 
ner explained. 

When all ranks have again halted, the column is faced 
about and the exercise continued. 

FANCY STEPS. 

Command of execution : Begin ! 

" " discontinuation : Stop f 
Balance stej) forward (four counts^ four movements). 
Command : 

Balance step^ forward left and rights in four counts — 
Begin ! 



Halt f 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 113 



First Count. The left foot is placed in balance step- 
position forward the body balancing on the right foot. 

Second Count. The left foot is advanced a little farther 
and placed upon the floor, the ball striking the floor first. 
At the same time the body is moved forward and its 
weight thrown upon tlie left foot. 

Third Count. The right leg is thrown forward and the 
foot placed in balance step-position, the body balancing 
on the left foot. 

Fourth Count. The right foot is advanced a little far- 
ther and placed upon the floor, the ball striking the floor 
first. At the same time the body is moved forward and 
its weight thrown upon the right foot. 

These four movements are continued as long as desired. 
Instead of counting, the teacher should tap lightly with a 
pencil. A small tile (or, something similar) held in the 
hand, or placed upon the desk, is very convenient for 
tapping. 

JSalance-step sideways (in flank rank) has but . three 
movements : 

1. Balance step-position sideways. 

2. Step sidew^ays. 

3. Close heels. 

I^oUoiv-step — Forward! (Four counts. Four move- 
ments). 
Command : 

FoUoic-step^ forvmrd^ left and rights in Jf. counts — 
Begin ! 

First Count. The left foot is placed in balance step- 
position forward, alid immediately placed upon the floor, 
the ball touching the floor first. As the heel is lowered, 
the body is moved forward, and its weight thrown fully 
upon the (left) foot. 

Second Count. The right foot is brought forward and 
placed beside the left. 



114 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



Third Count. Same as first count, except with right 
foot. 

Fourth Count. Same as second count, except with left 
foot. 

Folloio-step sideways, has but two movements. Same 
as side-step. 

Balance follow- step. (Six counts, six movements.) 
Command : 

Balance foUow-step) foricard, left and rights in 6 coioits 
— Begin! 

First and Second Count. Balance step left. 
Third Count. Follow step right. 
Fourth and Fifth Count. Balance step right. 
Sixth Count. Follow step left. 

Balance follow-^Xj^^ sideways is identical with balance- 
step sideways. 

Change-step — Forward. (Four counts, six movements.) 
Command : 

Change-step forward., left and right., in 4 counts — Begin / 

L. E, L. E. L. R. 

Cadence: Y ^ T Y Y 

First Count, (a) The left foot is placed in balance 
step-position forward and immediately placed upon the 
floor, the ball touching the floor first, (b) The right foot 
is brought up and placed behind the left, with the heel 
raised and the knee slightly bent. 

Second Count. The left foot is again advanced a short 
step, during which the body rests upon the ball of the 
right foot. 

Third Count. Same as movements A and B of first 
count, beginning with the right foot. 

Fourth Count. Same as second count, but with right 
foot. 

Double change-step forward ! (Eight counts, fourteen 
movements.) 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



115 



Command ; 

Double chmige-stei) forward^ left and rights in eight 
counts — Begin ! 

The first two movements of change-step, beginning 
with the left foot, are repeated three times, followed by 
tlie third movement of change-step. 

The seven movements are then repeated, beginning with 
the right foot. 

1 Xj.Ri L.IR* Xj*T^« Ij. R.Tj. R.L. r. 

Cadence : ^ 

I 2 ■ 3 4 5 6 7 8 

Polka-Step forward ! (Four counts, six movements.) 
Command: 

Pollxa-step forioard^ left and rights in four counts — 
Begin ! 

Polka-step is the same as change-step, with the differ- 
ence, that a short hop upward and forward upon the rear 
foot precedes the forward step. The knees should bend 
and yield easily, so as not to jar the body as it springs up 
and down. 

Glide- step forioard I (Four counts, six movements.) 
Command : 

Glide-step) forvKird^ left and rights in four counts — 
Begin ! 

The glide-step differs only from the polka-step in that 
the body is made to glide a short distance forward on the 
balls of the feet at each hop. 

Heel and toe-step forward! (Four counts, five move- 
ments.) 

Command : 

Reel and toe-step forward., left and right., in eight counts 
— Begin ! 

First Count. The heel of the left foot is placed upon 
the floor, where the left toe had its place. The toe is 
bent backward and the knee is kept straight. 



116 A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



Second Count. The left toe is placed upon the floor 
upon the spot where the heel had been placed. The foot 
is placed on tip-toe, and the knee is bent obliquely out- 
ward. 

Third and Fourth Counts : Change-step, polka step, 
or glide-step left. 

Fifth to Eighth Counts. Same as 1 to 4, beginning 
with right foot. 

Longe reverse- step^ Forward. (Four counts, seven 
movements). 

Comjiiand : 

Longe reverse -step., forward^ left and right., in 8 counts 
—Begin ! 

First Count, (a) The left foot is placed in step-posi- 
tion forward, and at the same time the right knee is bent, 
(b) The right knee is straightened and the left leg swung 
backward. 

Second Count, (a) Movement b of the first count is 
continued backward, and the foot placed in the step-posi- 
tion backward, and at the same time the right knee is 
bent, (b) The right knee is straightened and the left leg 
swung forward. 

Third Count. The movement b of the second count 
is continued, and the first two movements of change, 
polka or glide-step taken. 

Fourth Count. The last movement of change, polka or 
glide-step is taken. 

Fifth to Eighth Counts. Same as 1 to 4, but beginning 
with the right foot. 

EXAMPLES OF VARIATIONS AND COMBINATIONS OF STEPS. 

Variations. 
1. Change or polka step with turning. 
With the step left, the body is turned to the right, and 
with the step right, the body is turned to the left. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 117 



2. Longe reverse-step vnth bowing. 

At each backward movement of the feet, the body is 
bent obhquely forward, and raised again when the change 
or polka-step forward is taken. 

Combinations. 

1. Step-position forimrd^ left (2 counts); step-position 
forward., right {2 counts) ; three ordinary steps forward 
(beginning left (S counts) ; close heels {1 count) — all in 8 
counts — Begin ! 

When the step-positions are tal^en, the pupils stand 
still. 

2. Follow-step forward, right (2 counts) ; change-step 
forward, right (2 counts); follow-step forward, left (2 
counts) ; and change-step forward, left (2 counts) — all in 
8 counts. 

All steps can also be begun tcith the right foot. 

The pupils should first be drilled in each step by itself. 
After that they should learn to change from one step to 
another without any break in the time or step. 



118 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



Fig. 2 
Fig.l Snake. 
Zig-Zag. 




uu 

Fig. 3 

Angle March. 



Fig. 3 

Oblique 
March. 



Fig. 4 Fig. 5 

Oblique Curve March. 
March. 




FigMO 

CouNTiR March 
Circle. 



OO 






Fig. 12 

Double Spiral. 



Fig. 13 

Cross. 



A 



I 

I . 

\ I y 

\ .1 y 



Fig. 13 

Star 



Fig 



14 



Fig. 15 

Square. 



Fig. 16 

Triangle. 



Fig. 17 

Pyramid. 



FIGUKES IN FANCY MARCHING. 



PART SIXTH. 



PLAIN AND FANCY MARCHES. 



8 



120 

D 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 
F D F E 



Z Fig. 1 





Fig. 4 



Fig. 5 





FIGUEES OF THE PLAIN MA.ECH. (Page 121 .) 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 121 



PLAIN MARCH. 

(Figures on page 120.) 

Music : March, Quickstep or Polonaise. 

The class is arranged in a flank line, graded according 
to size. If it be a mixed class, boys and girls should be 
placed in separate divisions, either boys or girls leading, 
according to the taste of the instructor. Before entering 
the hall, the pupils are counted off, by tiooes^ fours and 
eights. 

Diagram of the Hall. 
Fig. 116 
D F E 

G 

B A C_ 

I. The line enters at B (or at any other point, if neces- 
sary), marches to F and from there through the middle 
of the hall to A (Fig. I, page 120.) 

II. At A tKe ones march to the right, the twoes to the 
left, turning square corners at B — D and C — E. At F 
the ranks meet and march by twoes toward A. (Fig. 2, 
page 120.) 

III. At A the first two wheel to the right, the second 
two to the left, and so on through the column. The two 
colums march, as shown in Fig. 3, towards F, where the 
columns meet and form a column of fours, marching to 
A. (Fig. 3, page 120.) 



122 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE, 



IV. At A the fours wheel right and left alternately, as 
shown in Fig 4, to F, where the column of eights is 
formed, marching to A. (Fig. 4, page 120.) 

V. At A the eights separate in fours, wheeling right 
and left, passing B and C and marching to D and E. 
(Fig. 5.) 

VI. At D and E the fours, in f wheel, march in a dia- 
gonal line toward the center G from where, passing one 
in front of the other, in their right order, they march in 
a column of fours to A. (Fig. 6.) 

# * 
=^ 

VII. At A the fours separate in twoes, wheeling right 
and left. The two columns of twoes march to F where 
they form one column of twoes marching to A. (Fig. 7.) 

VIII. At A the twoes separate, in two single ranks, 
marching to B and C. (Fig. 8.) 

IX. At B and C, in f turns inward, the ranks march 
towarda G, the center, where the ranks cross, marching 
to E and D, from where they march to F. Here the two 
ranks meet, from one single rank and march to A. 
(Fig. 9.) 

X. At A the line, in its original formation, marches to 
B where the pupils leave the hall. (Fig. 10.) 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 123 



FANCY MARCH. 

(Figures on Following Page.) 
Music : March, or Polonaise. 

Arrangement of the Class: The class of 32 members is 
arranged in four front ranks of eight members each, the 
whole body being evenly graded according to size. 

Fig. 117 



. I. Ranks II. and I. enter in flank, in rear of stage, from 
the left. Ranks III. and IV. enter in flank, in. rear of 
stage, from the right. 

Fig. 118 

II. When the ranks have met, they face front, cross 
arms forward, and march in front line to the front of the 
stage. 

III. Arriving at the front, ranks I. and 11. face to the 
right, and ranks IV. and III. to the left, march to the 
front corners, thence to the rear corners, where they turn 
inward, marching forward till they meet in the middle. 

Fig. 119 



IV. Meeting, the members march forward towards the 
front, forming pyramid^ in the order shown in Fig. 1, op- 
posite page, marking time in the middle of the stage. 




FIGURES OF THE FANCY MARCH. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



125 



y. All, except members 1, 31, 6, and 22 face inward, 
and march forward, forming a flank line (Fig. 2.) 

At the front of the stage, members of ranks I. and II. 
march to the right, and members of ranks IV. and III. to 
the left. (Fig. 2.) 

VI. When the flank line on the front of the stage has 
been formed, all face fi'ont ; ranks I. and II. connect by 
crossing arms forward, and III. and IV. connect in the 
same way. 

The line in front marches backward to the middle of 
the stage, where it marks time. 

VII. Double wheel. Ranks I and II forward right, cen- 
ter pivot — simultaneous. (Fig. 3.) 

Ranks III and IV forward left, center pivot — simul- 
taneous. After the double- wheel is completed : 

VIII. Three wheels. (Fig. 4.) 

Numbers 4 and 5 (of rank I) and 28 and 29 (of rank IV) 
disconnect ranks, and numbers 16 and 17 (ranks II and 
III) connect ranks. 

Rank la: Whole wheel, right pivot, 
a lYI). u u left 

Ranks I b, II, III and IV a, as one line : Whole wheel 
forward right, center pivot (between numbers 16 and 17). 

IX. Square. (Fig 5.) 

1. Numbers 4 and 5 and 28 and 29 : connect ranks. 

" 8 " 9, 16 and 17, and 24 and 25 : discon- 
nect ranks. 

2. Ranks I and II, as one line, \ wheel forward on No. 

16 as pivot — simultaneous. 

Ranks III and IV, as one line, \ wheel forward on No. 

17 as pivot — simultaneous. 

3. Ranks II and III : mark time. 

" I : ^ wheel forward on No. 8 as pivot — simul- 
taneous. 

Rank IV : \ wheel forward on No. 25 as pivot — simul- 
taneous. 



12o 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



X Cross. Fig. 6. (A and B). 

1. All ranks: J wheel forward left, center pivot. 

2. Revolve cross once. (Fig. 6 B). 

XI. Four loheels in cross. 

1. Rank I b, II b, III b and IV b : right about face, 
all connecting ranks by fours. 

2. All ranks whole wheel forward, center pivot. (Fig. 7). 

XII. Star. 

1. Ranks l b, II b. III b, and lY b : wheel into the cir- 
cle of ranks I a, II a. III a and IV a. 

2. Revolve star once. (Fig. 8). 

XIII. Form front line in front of stage, by successive 
quarter wheels, as shown in the following figure. 



XIV. 1. Connect ranks along the whole line. 

2. March backward in front line to rear of stage. 

3. Ranks Land II. face to the right.) 



Fig. 120 




h . iXu lit 'Ilia mt lVa UVft 



« IV. " III. " " « left. ) 
4. March forward in flank and off the stage. 




«^ I 



I 



Fig. 121 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 127 



A SONG REIGEN. 



THE miller's boy. 

(Song, Page 135). 

The Reigen may be given by girls or boys, or by girls 
and boys. 

The participants should be as nearly as possible of one 
size and age. 

The 16 members are arranged in ranks of four, stand- 
ing in a front line with arms crossed forward. (Fig. 1, 
page 130.) 

Those who disapprove of singing while exercising may 
have the song sung by another class. 

The song has 16 2-4 measures. Two steps, or their 
equivalent in time, are taken to each measure of music, 
which gives each part (stanza) of the reigen 32 steps, or 
counts. 

Between two stenzas a slight pause intervenes. 
PART I. 

SONG. FIRST STANZA. 

A. 1. The I miller loves to | rove and roam, The j 

2, I miller loves to rove and roam, From j 

3, ( I place I to place, From | place to ) | 

4, \ I place. He ) \ 

B. 5. I v^ould no worthy | miller be. Who | 

6. I staid at home con | tented ly, Who | 

7. I staid at home con | tentedly, con- | 
I tent ed | ly, | 



4 counts. 

4 

16 counts. 

4 
4 
4 

4 " 16 counts. 



32 counts. 



128 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



MOVEMENTS. 

A. 1. Step-position, forward left — step for- 1 

ward left. I 

r — 4- coiiiitis 
Step-position, forward right — step for- I 

ward right. J 

2. Repeat 1. = 4 " 

3. " 1. = 4 " 

4. " 1. = 4 " 16 counts. 

B. 5. Form circle, by right and left leaders 

marching in circle towards each 
* other, until they meet. (Fig. 2.) 
Numbers 8 and 9 mark time, short step = 4 " 

6. Continue 5. = 4 " 

7. Complete circle. = 4 " 

8. All right face, arms down, and halt, 3 

counts. (Fig. 8.) — — — — — = 4 counts. 16 counts. 



32 counts. 

PART II. 

SONG SECOND STANZA, 

A.l. We I learned it from the | water course, We { =4 counts. 



2. I learned it ifrom the | water course, The | = 4 " 

3. I wa ter | course. The | = 4 " 

4. I wa ter | course, That j =4 " 16 counts. 
B. 5. I smoothly flows by ] nightandday. And | = 4 " 

6. I never wearies [ of its way. And | = 4 " 

7. I never wearies | of its way, The j = 4 " 

8. I wa ter j course. 1=4 " 16 counts. 



32 counts. 

MOVEMENTS. 

A.l. Folio w-step forward (in flank circle), right 

and left — — — — — — — — — = 4 counts. 

2. Repeat 1. = 4 " 



3. Two steps forward, left and right (the left 
foot is not advanced the second time) 
— two steps backward, left and right 
(the left foot is kept in front the last 
time) = 4 " 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 129 



4. Two steps forward, left and right, and close 

heels (witli right foot). Halt 1 count = 4 " 16 counts. 
B. 5. Glide-step left, twice, and change-step left, 

once — — — — — — — — = 4 " 

6. Glide-step right, twice, and change-step right, = 4 " 

once — — — — — — — — — — = 4 " 

1. Four steps forward, beginning with left foot = 4 " 

8. Odd numbers face even numbers and halt. =4 " 16 counts. 

(Fig.4.) 



32 counts. 



PART III. 



SONG THIRD STANZA. 



A. l 

2 
3 
4 

B. 5 



The I merry wheels have 



I merry wheels have 
I mer- ry 
I ™er- ry 

I night they turn and I work away. And | 
I yet are bright at ] peep of day, And | 



taught us too, The | =4 counts, 
taught us too, The | = 4 " 
wheels, The j = 4 " 
wheels, All | = 4 " 16 counts. 

4 " 
4 " 



yet are bright at |. peep of day, 
peep of I day. 



MOVEMENTS. 



At I = 4 
I =4 



16 counts. 



32 counts. 



A. 1 to 4. Grand chain: All pass to the left first, joining right hands, 
then pass to the right, joining left hands. (Fig. 5). 

At the IStli count: form twoes with partners, 

crossing arms forward. = 16 counts. 

B. 5. Longe-reverse, forward and backward 

left, change-step forward left, =4 " 

6. Longe-reverse, forward and backward riglit, 
change-step forward right, =4 " 

7. Four steps forward, beginning with left 
foot, =4 

8. Odd number face about and halt. Even 
number step sideways and form inner cir- 
cle. (Fig. 6). = 4 " 16 counts. 



32 counts. 



130 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 




















Fig. 





1 

Pig. 5 



Fig. 6 



Pig. 1 



Fig. 9 



Fig. 8 ^ 



^^''i"^ Fig. 11 

Fig. 10 

FIGURES OF THE REIGEN. 



A. 1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 

B. 5. 
5. 
7. 



A. 1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 

B. 5. 

6. 
7. 



^ SF*Sri;if OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 131 

PART ly. 

SONG — FOURTH STANZA. 

The I mill-stones love to | join the dance, The | = 4 c. 

I u u u u I c; To j - 4 " 

I join the | dance, To | = 4 " 

I join - the | dance. And | = 4 " 16 c. 

I while they turn and | waltz along, They | = 4 " 

I grind and sing their | deepest song, They |.= 4 " 

I " " " " I " " Their I =4" 
I deep- est | song. | = 4 " 16 c. 



32 c. 

MOVEMENTS. 

Heel and toe-step, left (with change-step left), = 4 c. 

right ( " " right), =4" 

left( " " left), =4" 
All halt, face center, each circle joining hands 
(Fig. 7). ' = 4 " 16 c. 



Outer circle, two glide-steps side-left, and change- 
step side-left, inner circle; the same side-right, = 4 " 
Repeat 5. = 4 " 

First four march to front left corner of stage. 
Second " " rear " " " 
Third " " " right 
Fourth " " front " " " 
Halt and face the center of stage. (Fig. 9). 



(Fig. 8. 



= 4 c. 



)=4c. 
16 c. 



32 c. 



A. 1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 

B. 5. 
6. 
7. 



PART V. 

SONG FIFTH STANZA. 

To I wander is my ] great deliglit, 



I der 
I " 

1 journey on, 
I joyful song, 
I 



I miller let me 
I sing again my 
I " " 

I joy- 



ful I song. 



To| 


= 4 c. 


To| 


- 4 " 


To 1 


= 4 " 


o| 


= 4" 16 c. 


And 1 


= 4 " 


And 1 


= 4 " 


My 1 


= 4 " 


1 


= 4 " 16 c. 



32 c, 



132 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



MOVEMENTS. 

A. 1-4. All march in front ranks, arms crossed forward, 

toward the middle of the stage, meeting in a 

square on the 15th count. (Fig. 10). = 16 c. 

B. 5. Rank I, quarter wheel backward, left pivot. 



lY, " " right 



} (Fig. 11.) = 4 c. 



" II and III mark time. j 
Nos. 4 and 5 and 12 and 13 connect ranks. J 
6 and T. Ranks I and II, as one line : i wheel back- 1 

ward, left pivot. 
Ranks III and lY, as one line: ^ wheel ! _ ^ 

backward, right pivot. 
All into front line, Nos. 8 and 9 connecting 

ranks. 

8. Three steps backward, close heels and halt. 

=- 4 c. 16 c. 



32 c. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 133 




STARTING FIGURES FOR REIGEH". 



PART SEVENTH. 



MARCH MUSIC AND REIGEN SONGS. 



y 



MARCH. 



The Gymnast's Greeting. 



(From the German. ) Arr. for the piano 
Vifforoso. by Gael Betz. 





A AAA 


A 

r» # — 1 




. " ^ ^ 

A 1 P 

A * -r- 

-p- -f- f ^E- 















ff- — 1 — k — — 

^-1-^- 








, 

















A 

H -1 




M ^ 1 1 


— ^ — 
1 


<& — 

1 — 1 

1 . 


-H- 




— — 










142 THE MILLER'S BOY. 



Moderato. mf E. Zoellner. 





r ^ 













-^-^ — ^-^ 








— ^r--^^^ 



1. The mill - er loves to rove and roam, The 

2. We learned it from the wa - ter course, We 

3. The mer - ry wheels have taught us too, The 

4. The mill - stones love to join the dance, The 

5. To wsn - der is my great - est joy. To 




mill - er loves to rove and roam, from place to place, fiom 
learned it from the wa- ter course, the wa - ter course, the 

mer-ry wheels have tauirht us too, the mer - ry wheels, the 
mill-stones love to join the dance, to join the dance, to 
wan - der is mv frent- est joy, to wan - der, to 











* 

7 







place to place. He would no wor - thy 

wa - ter course. That smooth - ly flows by 

mer - ry wheels. All night they turn and 

join the dance. And while they turn and 

wan - - der. O mill - er, let me 




mill - er be, Who staid at home con-tent - ed - ly, Who 
night and day, And nev - er wea - ries of its way, And 
work a - way. And yet are bright at peep of day, And 
waltz a - long. They grind and sing their deep-est song. They 
jour - ney on, And sing a - gain my joy -ful song. And 



staid at home con - tent - ed - ly, con - tent - ed - ly. 

nev - er wea-ries of its way, the wa - ter course. 

yet are bright at peep of day, the mer - ry wheels, 

grind and sing their deep - est song, their deep-est song, 

sing a - gain my joy - ful song, ray joy - ful song. 



COME, LET US GAILY WANDER. 

Moderately fast. (March Song.) Kuecken 



143 




L E L R 

Come, let us gai - ly wan - der and sing our joy - or.s 
Thro' field and wood-land stray - ing like .birds in mer - ry 



i 




t f S 1 1 1 






— —0 ~ 9 1 1 



song, Sad hearts will cease to pon - der where 



flight, To - geth - er ev - er stay - ing we 



f# 8 3 1 




-q a — : 






5 E ' 


-s> s — • — 

r r 







glides our raer - ry throng;' O let us sing with 



war - ble our de - light; Then join - ing hand to 



joy a song that soars on high, A song, a song that 

hand, as friends we- ev - er stand. Then gai-ly join-iiig 

soars on high, O let us sing with joy, A song, a 
hand to hand, as friends we ev - er stand, Then gai - ly 




song that soars on high, O let us sing with joy. 
join - ing hand to hand, as friends we ev - er stand. 





144 



AWAY TO THE WOODLAND. 



Fr. Abt. 



For- ward, march! For-ward,inarch ! Forward, march! For- ward, march! Let us 

From the 



/ 







s 









^ ^i-.A3l 












s3 — r-i 





wan - der, so joy - ful - ly sing-ing Iq - to the 
for - est the ech - oes are riug-iug, Come, let us 



I 



P 



wood lands to ram - ble and play, 
haste o'er the raead-ows a - way. 



How blos som the 



I ^ 'i^ 't»JLJ 



flow-ers on mead - ow and rill and bend to the 



AWAY TO THE WOODLAND-Continued. 145 




sweet scent-ed breeze from the hill, How darts the bright 



f 



sun through each tau 



gle and nook, And 



i 



FINE. 



rests on the banks of the mur - mur-ing brook. 



9 — y 



mi 















Oh, how 
Breez - es 


the b 
1 


reez - es blow, the 
)low the 


leaf - 
leaf 


y branch - es 

- - y 






4 






— 1 
4 


^ =1 





146 AWAY TO THE WOODLAND-Concluded. 



*-#s__rT| g ____ « _ 










i 







bend - ing While on our way we go, iu 
branch - es beud - ing With our 





-5—51- 



voic - es rise, in hap - py song as - cend - ing, 
song a - - rise as - - cend - ing, 



— 



B. C. al Fine. 

ri 



Up to the skies, Oh, let our song a - rise! 
Up-ward to the skies 



onr sonjr a 



— r\ — 



-A — N — ^- 



PART EIGHTH. 



SYLLABUS OF WORK. 



148 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



SYLLABUS OF WORK. 



FIRST GKADE. 

Sitting position. 

Rising from the sitting position. 

Standing position. 

Sitting from the standing position. 

Facing at a halt : quarter turns. 

Marching (walking) in flank rank. 

Halting. 

SECOND GRADE. 

Rising and sitting. 
Resting position. 

Facing at a halt : quarter and eighth turns. 
Marking time. 

Marching, in flank rank, keeping step, starting from a 
halt, and from marking time. 

Halting, from m'arking time and from a halt. 
Flank rank. 
Front rank. 

Walking, on toes and heels. 
Plain marches. 

Marchhig, to music and with singing. 

THIRD GRADE. 

All positions, movements and evolutions of the first 
and second grades. 

Facing at a halt : quarter and eighth turns. 
Front and flank ranks. 



A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 149 



Counting off. 
Align em en ts. 
Stepping. 

Marching, in front and flank ranks. 
Rank connections. 

Changing direction of the line of march. 

Taking positions of the arms on a march. 

Running. 

Hopping. 

Fancy steps. 

Marching, to music. 

Marching, with singing. 

FOURTH GRADE. 

All preceding positions, movements and evolutions. 
Facing, while marking time and marching. 
Marching, forward, backward and sideways, in front, 
flank and oblique rank, and in flank and front circle. 
Different degrees of speed. 
Changing direction of march. 
Transforming ranks. 
Taking distance. 
Wheelings 

Marching, with free gymnastics. 
Running and hopping. 
Ascending and descending stairs. 
Fancy steps. 

Plain and fancy marches. 

Marching, to music and with singing. 

FIFTH GRADE. 

All previous positions, movements and evolutions. 

Transforming ranks. 

Wheelings. 

Forming the body of ranks. 
Evolutions of the body of ranks. 



150 A SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE. 



Marching, with free gymnastics. 
Hopping and running. 
Fancy steps. 

Plain and fancy marches. 

Marching, to music and with singing. 

Reigen. 

SIXTH GRADE AND UPWARDS. 

All previous positions, movements, exercises and evolu- 
tions, in greater variety, and more difficult combinations. 



Ulghest Award, Chicago, 1803 



Silver Medal, Par.s, 1889. 





The Public School 

yGymnastic Course 



By CARL BETZ, 

Director and Supervisor of Physical Culture 
Public Schools. Kansas City^ Mo. 




THIS SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL TRAINING IS NOW USED IN THE 
PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF 

CHICAGO ST. LOUIS DENVER ST. PAUL CINCINNATI MILWAUKEE KANSAS CITY 
SAN FRANCISCO and in over three hundred cities and towns. 

This system of physical exercise 
based on modern scientific principles 
of education was first successfully in- 
troduced into the Public School sys- 
tem of the U.S. by the author in Kan- 
sas City, Mo. ten years ago. Since 
that time this system and the meth- 
ods employed by Mr. Betz have found 
their way into the schools, colleges 
and universities of nearly every state 
in the Union. 

The course outlined by Mr. Betz is 
therefore advanced far beyond the 
stage of experiment. Superintend- . 
ents can with perfect impunity place 
these text books in the hands of their 
teachers and feel assured that no 
harm and much good will follow as a 
result. The books are complete in 
every respect and will not only be of 
service to the most learned profession- 
al gymnastic teachers, but will also 
be found perfectly tangible to the 

§ymnastically inexperienced Public 
chool teachers. 




Please Read the Re- 
maining Pages of this 
Circular. 



THE PUBLIC SCHOOL GYMNASTIC COURSE. 



Tm ore WQTO QF C^i^l^L 





When Completed 
will 

Comprise the following 
books. 



Book First . . Free Gymuastics. 

Book Second . Gymnastic Tactics. 

Book Third . . L.iglit Gymnastics. 

Book Fourth . Popular Gymnastics. 

Book Fifth . . Heavy Gymuastics. 

Book Sixth . . Gymnastic Plays and Games. 

Book Seventh. ^Esthetic Gymnastics. 

Book Eighth . Athletics, Sports and Outings. 



Of these books, the first four and an abridged edition 
of Free Gy«inastics for country schools have been 
published. The different parts of the system are 
briefly described on the following pages of this circular. 
Each book, comprising a distinct branch of Gym- 
nastics, is complete in itself. However, as the oppo- 
site page will make clear, the system of physical edu- 
cation is complete only when all of the books are used by the teacher. It is, however, not 
absolutely necessary, yes, under the present stage of development of our Public School 
System, not even advisable to 
introduce all the branches of 
gymnastics at once. Physical 
culture must necessarily be a 
thing of growth in each com- 
munity. The first four branches 
of the system will suffice and 
even some of these can be 
dispensed with in the begin- 
ning. 

Mr. Betz will give infor- 
mation to all teachers who 
write him, free of charge. He 
will also furnish (gratis) to sup- 
erintendents who introduce his 
books, an outline of the first 
year's work. 



Address— 

CARL BETZ. 
Kansas City, Mo. 
430 Bellefontaine Ave. 




For Books address. 



THE PUBLIC SCHOOL GYMNASTIC COURSE. 



3 



A BRIEF SCHEME 
-OF 



UPON WHICH IS BASED 

THE PUBLIC SCHOOL GYIUHKSTIC COOHSE 

of MR. CARL BETZ. 



-A a 




I. For the development of the willpower, and 
for the purpose of preparing all the muscles, sin- 
ews and nerves of the body tor more vigorous ex- 
ercise.— i^;v?^ Gymnastics— Book^ First. 

II. For the development of a good carriage 
and for the purpose of handling classes, and large 
bodies of children; changing from one apparatus 
to another, from one room to another, or from one 
part of the play-ground to another, etc., etc.-7ar- 
tics—Boo\i Second. 

III. For the special development of certain sets 
0/ muscles and to add to the interest of Free Gym- 
nastics in the higher grade-: Exercises with 
dumb-bells, wands, Indian clubs, etc., etc— Light 
Gymnastics— Book Third. 

IV. For the development of muscle, and for 
the purpose of fostering a wholesome spirit of 
competition and acquiring dexterity, agility and 
numerous other accomplishments necessary in 
case of danger to save one's own life or the lives of 
others, exercises as: Running, jumping, climbing, 
swimming, etc., etc.— Popular Gymnastics— Book 
Fourth. 



V. Forthe compleve and symmetrical develop- 
ment of all the muscles and for the purpose of 
acquiring grace in movement, confidence in one's 
own strength, etc., etc., exercises on heavy appar- 
atus, such as horizontal bar, horse, parallel bars, 
etc., etc.— Heavy Gymnastics— Book Fifth. 

VI. For the development of the virtues, and 
for the purpose of bringing all the accomplish- 
ments referred to under I., II., III., IV. and V'., 
under the control of the will, that they may be 
used in the interest of civilization.— P/avj— Book 
Sixth. 

VII. For the development of the senses for 
perceiving the beautiful m nature and for realizing 
and appreciating the outlines of the human form; 
for instilling into the heart of the youth a taste for 
the poetry in movement and lastly, for the purpose 
of creating enthusiasm and patriotism in public 
affairs.— ^j/A^/zt Gymnastics— Boo]l Seventh. 




4 



THE PUBLIC SCHOOL GYMNASTIC COURSE. 



# Free Gymnastics ^ 

OOOOOO F/FTH EDITION ♦ FIFTEENTH THOUSAND OOOOOO 

;HESE exercises are fundamental and constitute, in a sense, 
the A. B. C.'s of gymnastics. Free gymnastic exercises are 
not only used for developing the muscles that are exerci- 
— sed, but also, and particularly those that are not to be 
moved. For example: the head .sscasssfc. 
movements do not only exercise 
the muscles of the neck and 
assist in controlling the blnod 
that rushes to the brain, causing 
dizziness, but they afford an op- 
portunity for keeping steady 
the muscles of the face. To 
keep those muscles still that 
are not to be affected by the 
exercise is much more difficult 
and taxes the will-power in a 
much higher degree than the 
effort of going through the 
moving part of the exercise. 
After a movement has once 
been mastered by the pupils the critical teacher must give her whole attention to those mus- 
cles that are not to be moved in the exercise. For further information on this point address 
CARL BETZ, 4S0 Bellefontaine Avenue, Kansas City, Mo. 





THE PUBLIC SCHOOL GYMNASTIC COURSE 



PART SECOND. 

Gymnastic Tactics. 



SECOND EDITION. 




6 



tHE PUBLIC SCHOOL GVMxNAStlC COURSE. 



PART 
THIRD. 



Light Gymnastics 



HANDSOMEL V ILLUSTRA TED, 
|iii|iii|iii|iii||*'^ 



SECOND EDITION. 



THIS BOOK CONTAINS 
EXERCISES WITH DUMB-BELLS, WANDS, RINGS 
ANE INDIAN CLUBS. 




Teachers who have familiarized themselves with the movements and 
commands of Book First, Free Gymnastics, will encounter no great diffi- 
culties in learning to teach these exercises in Light Gymnastics. They 
may be introduced into any grade above the Second. Especially in the 
higher grades of the ward schools and in the High School, these drills 
should form a conspicuous part of the day's exercises. "Light Gymnastics" 
is used by the Supervisors of Physical Training in the Public Schools of Lon- 
don, England. These exercises are decidedly interesting and productive 
of much good if given intelligently and with regularity. All the apparatus 
used are quite inexpensive and their purchase need not form a barrier to 
the introduction of the book. 

Mr. Betz will answer all inquiries free of charge. 



Price 75 Cents. 

SPECIAL RATES TO SCHOOLS. 



THE PUBLIC SCHOOL GYMNASTIC COURSE. 



7 



FOURTH Popular Gyninastics^ 



RICHLY ILLUSTRATED. 




**(>Jj\OPULAR Gymnastics" contains a large number and great variety 
of exercises for the play-ground. Nearly all of the exercises can 
^_S) be taken indoors as well as on the lawn or in the yard. 
The apparatus used in this branch of gymnastics is inexpensive 
and can in most cases be made by the pupils themselves. Any of the 
apparatus may be ordered of Mr. Betz who will see that the same is 
properly made and shipped. 



PRICE 65 CENTS 
Special Rates to Schools. 



8 



THE PUBLIC SCHOOL GYMNASTIC COURSE. 



HIGHEST AWARD 
CHICAGO 
1893 




SILVER MEDAL 
PARIS 
1889 



^PUBlilG SGHOOIi GYjVIflflSTIG GOU^SE 




PART FIRST— ABRIDGED. 

y^tlYHIS book is prepared especially for use 
in District Schools. The instructions 
(T'z^ are all very plain and can be easily 
interpreted by teachers of ungraded schools. 

With this book and Book Fourth, Popular 
Gvrnvastics, teachers can furnish an abundance 
of exercise and recreation for the farmers' boys 
and girls. 



Special rates to County or State 
Superintendents. 



Send all orders to 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




042 002 224 4 1 



